How to Succeed in Writing an Essay

How to Succeed in Writing an Essay Lets be honest; writing is probably not a skill you can boast about. You probably havent written a best-seller yet, and you havent won a Nobel Prize in literature. Well, dont get desperate. You wont believe how many good writers havent done it, either. You are reading this article because you want to learn how to write better, and that is already a good sign. So, you need to write an article. Have you selected a topic yet? Sometimes your teacher will assign you a topic, but if you have an opportunity to select one yourself, you should definitely do so. You can write about something you are good at or interested in or perhaps something you wanted to learn about but don’t have the time. Before you begin writing, you might develop a plan. Careful planning helps you work more productively, gives you a better idea of how much time you should spend on writing every day, and also helps you to understand what needs to be accomplished and in what order. First of all, ask yourself whether you know enough to write on topic you have chosen. If not, conduct some preliminary research. Read a book or a magazine, ask a person who is knowledgeable about it, or just research it on the Internet. Once youve conducted a little bit of research, you may feel like you have all the information needed, but it may seem a bit chaotic in your head. You may often find yourself sitting at your desk, trying to sort everything out so you express your ideas or understanding on paper. You have to analyze all the information, determine what needs to be included in your paper, what information is irrelevant, what sources are reliable, and which are not. Doing so will help you to become more organized in completing the paper. Very often people are intimidated by a blank sheet of paper. You may be afraid to start writing, thinking that you are too incompetent. Possibly, you are not willing to make mistakes and feel discouraged at the thought of making errors. However, even experienced writers are sometimes afraid to write. None of them are sure that what they write will appeal to their readers; yet, they take risks and succeed. You shouldnt worry too much about making mistakes as you write. First, if you dont write anything, you will definitely fail, so its worth trying to write at least something. Second, write whatever you feel like writing now. Think of your writing as a lump of clay. You take away here and add there. You mold and shape it into what you want it to be. Writing is a craft, an art. Keeping that in mind, your first draft may drastically differ from the final version of your paper. So, once your first draft is completed, your task is to edit your paper with care and consideration for what yo u want to say and how you want to say it. Rewriting may take more time than you spent on writing the original draft, but this proves how important proofreading and revising is in making a paper flawless. Writing is not easy, but with the tips mentioned above, a great deal of diligence, and a bit of inspiration, you can successfully write an essay. Probably, you need a professional essay writing service to have your academic paper written by highly qualified writers? Try our custom writing company now!

Essay about Medieval India and China - 1198 Words

Running head: Medieval India and China Paper Medieval India and China Paper Mike Colson University of Phoenix Global Civilizations 1400-1700 HIS 276 Mark Olick Medieval India and China In the following paper I will discuss the key differences in medieval India and China. I will compare and contrast each society’s social, cultural, political, and religious climates. In addition, explaining the civilizations economic environment during medieval times. Finally, I will describe how the Turks and Mongols influenced these two civilizations. During medieval times, India’s social climate could be considered one of an idealistic civilization. From growing crops, to the teachings of higher forms of education, India was†¦show more content†¦For example the first encyclopedia was five centuries ahead of its European counterparts. Culturally India during the medieval times was based on the affairs for their local institutions. Unlike being run by bigger authority such as the state, communities were more ruled over by smaller factions known as Guilds. These guilds organized and handled the local laws of the land and handled things at the local level. This also gave the locals a sense of belonging and identity. The common cultural theme within the Indian community was that the majority were farmers. These farmers made up the village life, and each farmer usually worked just outside the village on a small plot of land. Everyone worked together, and individual families formed under the head of the family which lead and guided the families in most decisions. The farming life provided the common Indian farmer with a nice since of status within society. Ultimately, the medieval Indian culture is based on many aspects on ways to promote community. These include sailors or fishermen, tradesmen, craftsmen, and farmers. China also had the farming life but the surround culture in the medieval society was more centralized around government. Men worked at trying to be officials and generals. These positions were considered prominent and a noble profession. Politically, medieval India and China were either a dynastic andSh ow MoreRelatedThe Black Death Of India And The Peasant s Revolt1688 Words   |  7 Pagesin India and the Peasant’s Revolt in England, during the medieval period lasting from the 5th century to the 15th century (500-1500s). Throughout the report, information will include significant individuals involved or affected by the event, a significant occurrence during each event, and finally the interconnections that can be established between the Peasant’s Revolt and Black Death. 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Vietnam War As A Civic Duty And A True Testament - 915 Words

Vietnam In the 1960s, America found itself divided among various social matters. Conformity, civil rights, and the Vietnam war. While the older generations viewed fighting in the war as a civic duty and a true testament to what it meant to be an â€Å"American†, the counterculture did not share this belief. Regardless of how anyone felt about the war, it had escalated to epic proportions and as one citizen put it, â€Å"It was on our mind every single hour of the day† (PBS CITE). Vietnam was the first war ever to be televised, and with that came constant coverage and a growing concern from young Americans. In addition, the military draft made matters worse by forced the youth America to fight. â€Å"By 1968, the war in Vietnam had claimed over 15,000 American lives†(CITE PBS). Between the draft and the growing American casualties, greater tension in the US was created. Young Americans had to ask themselves if the war was worth fighting. Opposition to the draft and draft evasion was the central plot element in Hair with Claude s indecision of whether or not to serve his country in Vietnam—a war he does not believe in (Young, 1993, p. 71). Claude represent most of the youth of America and their confusion which was ignited by the war. His internal conflict is depicted in the song â€Å"Where do I Go†: â€Å"Where do I go/ Follow the children (...) Is there an answer / In their sweet faces / That tells me why I live and die† (SONG CITE). Here, Claude talks about following his tribe as a way to makeShow MoreRelatedBeyond The Things They Carried1210 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond the Things They Carried The Vietnam War began in 1954, consisting of many extensive, horrific years of battle that seemed to create more harm to the United States and its soldiers rather than to North Vietnam. The 500,000 United States military personnel returned home with the loss of the war and the loss of their friends on their minds. Although the physical and emotional experiences that the men went through is unfathomable, Tim O’Brien does a great job portraying what life as a soldierRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesinnovations and an attendant increase in the efï ¬ ciency with which problems are solved and goods and services are produced. The other force generating social change in Webers scheme is charisma. Borrowing the concept of charisma from the New Testament, where it simply means â€Å"gift of grace,† or the possession of divine powers, Weber gives it a much wider sociological application.11 For him, charisma refers to an extraordinary quality, often claimed and considered to be of divine or supernaturalRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesorganizations, including libraries, management responsibility is being distributed more widely throughout the organization than ever before. WhaT Do managers Do? Managers are usually very busy people who have a number of responsibilities and duties. The duties associated with a managerial position are carried out simultaneously and concurrently. Managers are often multitasking, and their work is frequently interrupted and done in a fragmented fashion. Many managers seem to be juggling a number of

Transgender Sex Worker free essay sample

Culture of transgender as sex worker: a world inside a world Introduction: Gender is often confused with sex. Sex generally refers to anatomy and biology whereas gender refers to qualities and behaviours society expects from a female or a male. These roles are learned, change over time and vary enormously across and within cultures[1]. There are not too many people in the world who can say they’ve been both a mother  and a father. But Jennifer Finney Boylan, nee James Boylan, can (Beth Greenfield 2012)[2]. What this is called a matter of sex and gender which based on biological and social role division. However, one who wants to change their sex or role took step towards notion of transgender. Transgendered people are individuals of any age or sex whose appearance, personal characteristics, or behaviors differ from stereotypes about how men and women are â€Å"supposed† to be (Jamison Green)[3]. While people self-identify as transgender, the transgender identity umbrella includes sometimes-overlapping categories. These include  transsexual;  transvestite or cross dresser;  gender queer; androgyne; and  bigender[4]. In most of the part of the world we have not much statistical data which indicates accurate or estimated population of the transgender. However, an estimated 3. 5% of adults in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual and an estimated 0. 3% of adults are transgender (Gary J. Gates, Williams April 2011)[5]. While, it is estimated that . 2 to . 4 percent of the world population can be transsexual or transgender. Since two to three decades researcher have been focusing on transgender lives with reference to the various aspects. Most of the places around the world transgender have not faced normal attitude from the society and they have less space with in their culture. They really face challenges to form their self-identity against that identity which they have since their birth and acquired in society on the basis of gender roles. Transgendered people bear the brunt of societys homophobia, even though many identify as heterosexual. Indeed, it could be said that homophobia is really transphobia, the sphere of the stereotype, the limp wrist, feminine male. Because of the social factors, many transgendered women turn to prostitution and other types of sex work to survive (Christine Beatty, 1994)[6]. Background: In our culture transgendered people face numerous obstacles to employment, housing, health care and schooling, because of societal prejudice against them. Doctors, operate on the brain, heart, or any other organ, and people do not blink an eye, but if one operates on the genitals people suddenly become very upset (Christine Beatty, 1994)[7]. Nizamani, whose US-based organization is actively engaged in promoting safer sex practices among homosexuals and male sex workers in Pakistan, they reported about 50,000 male prostitutes (Eliezer F. Wangulu ), 136,000 female sex workers (NCPA 2009) and estimated numbers of Hijras were reported 14  725 from mapping of 12 cities in Pakistan, 2007 ( F. Emmanuel et al ). In the Pakistan, men who engage in these activities may not think of themselves as homosexual or even MSM, and would choose to have sex with a woman in many other situations. Different behaviors and identities need to be taken into consideration when developing and implementing sexual and reproductive health for MSM (Eliezer F. Wangulu 2009) same was found for the khusras as most of MSM goes ‘home’ regularly, where they take on expected male gender roles as provider, son, husband and father. In addition to this sexual identity and life style of transgender make them vulnerable to violence and abuse from society, clients and police (M. Collumbien et al). Rational Transgender are one of the deprive group of the society which is neglected at the social sphere. They have faced situation of isolation stigma and hatred due to their identity crisis and role which push them to adopt sex work profession. Being in same profession of sex work among other transgender they form a community with the help of Hijras. Most of the researchers have studied transgender with reference to the HIV/ AIDS. However, very few of the researchers had focused their attention on the lives of transgender. So, this research study will be sharing cultural life of the transgender and about the world which they have created in already existing world. Research design This research study is based on the exploratory research design. The purpose behind the adaptation of descriptive research design was the belief that this type of research design will provide rich descriptive details about the culture of the transgender and other associated phenomena. In addition to this descriptive research design help us to answer what is happening? How is something happening? And why something happening? We know target group of this research and we are interested to capture this specific target group life in their community. So, descriptive research design will help us to bring their culture insight. Research Question: What is cultural life of the transgender and how they interact with each other being part of the transgender community? Operationalization of the concept: Under the direction of the research question following research object have developed to capture cultural life of the transgender. However, before documenting objective of the study we have to talk about the culture. Culture is broad term and has multiple definitions. Each discipline of the social science domain defined culture with their own point of reference. However, for the understanding research has documented E. W tylor definition of the culture: â€Å"Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society†. However, this definition will provide limitation and strict boundaries for the data collection. So, researcher have operationalized culture definition with simple concept that Culture is a word for peoples way of life, meaning the way they do things. Objectives: 1. To find out the way they (transgender) are in their social life 2. To know the rituals, custom, norms perform by the transgender in their community 3. To know their lives as sex worker Methodology Target Population: This research study conducted with the transgender having various age group of 18 to 45 years. Duration For this research data was collected September to December 2004. Purpose behind data collection was to fulfillment M. Sc Anthropology degree requirement and writing of M. Sc these for award of degree. Locale: This research study was conducted in Karachi at Mari pur truck ada. In addition to this researcher also had visited adjacent resdiditinal area of the Machor colony and Agra taj to meet transgender who had been working as sex that time. Results: Demographic profile: Table mentioned below is sharing information about the age of the transgender. After conducting interviews with 30 respondents researcher reached at the stage of saturation of the data and later information started to overlap. So, for this researcher study sample size was 30. Majority of the transgender were belonging with age group of 19-24 years. They belong to different part of the Pakistan. However, majority of the respondents of this research study came from Punjab. Being their appearance and style they look like Khusras. However, most of them were transgender. Here by saying transgender mean that they have changes their gender identity and portraying themselves as female. While, by mean of biological division they were male. Along with these transgender other major group belongs to the Khusra community. By using word Khusra I mean those sexually neither they fall under the domain of male division nor among female group. I also find some of the male who have been working as sex worker and living among transgender but they have dual role. When they stay with transgender they have their feminine names, they adopt conversation style like females, perform and act all those activities which were usually perform by the transgender. However, other hand they have their families as well like wives, children and they use to visit them at back to their native area. Usually these types of sex work came to the truck ada as massager and not only provide services to their clients for massage but also serve them as sex worker. The distribution of people of a society in groups on the basis of this status is called stratification. This stratification may be on the basis of occupations, caste, and education source of income, prestige and political power. The people attain these sources and get into a class. In this way the whole society is divided into a few classes, generally high, middle, lower middle and lower. While with stratification with reference to this domain of research i. e transgender culture was found very interesting. Transgender as sex worker were categorized on the following patterns. 1. Kachay (Those who were less then 18 year of age or look younger like child known as Kachay) 2. Pakkay (Those who were above age of 18 years knwn as Pakkay) While some of the other groups exists among transgender. The divison of those groups are as under: a) Khusras (These were less in number but had prominent position among sex worker community. Most of the Gurrus among sex worker community were found Khusras) b) Pimp (These were also less in number and perform role as protection shield among sex worker. They work as agent and sex worker as well. Some time they also transport sex worker from one place to other place and taking their booking ) Kachay: These were less in number and mostly have not any other skills other then earn their livelihood through sex work profession. During field stay and data collection I came to know that most of the time these kind of transgender lives with one or two partner but not in big groups. The totally control by their elder partner and direction of elder partner influence her social and economic life. One of the reasons found behind their living with one partner was the notion of protection. They faced difficulty to respond their social surroundings with confidence. Among the transgender community and in their cultures who were living separately or with one to partner coded as that: Un ki pakki nhi howi abhi tak or one of my respondent shared that un ki abhi tak kachi hay It means that they are transgender and have profession of sex work but still today they have not started sex work profession openly. Usually they have not faced trouble from the police side as most of their clients were fixed and they did not capture client openly and elder partner also support them. Power Structure among Kachay: Kachay transgender were earned more income in compare to other transgender who were working as sex worker. They have higher demand among clients. However, to approach kachay (transgender-sex worker) were difficult in compare to access other transgender (sex worker). They had specific and regular clients, so their incomes were higher. On the other hand, as already have been shared, majority of the Kachay were living among their elder partner. This elder partner most often found working as pimp or sex worker. All the income earned by the Kachay goes to the elder partner. Pimp later gave pocket money to the kachay. In their set up some times a younger partner Kacha became popular among clients due to her beauty and smartness, than elder partner became extra caring and considers to weightage her choice. Furthermore, during research it was found as Kacha got popularity with in the transgender/ sex worker community, she demands more power and autonomy with reference to her mobility, development of friendship, extra share from the income, and started to attract clients through her. However, in all the snario elder partner exercise all the means and ways to control Kacha (sex worker) and tries to keep mostly maters in his hand. Packay (Sex worker having age more than 18 years) Division of these sex workers were based on age category. These transgender (sex worker) mostly earn their livelihood through sex trade. However, life history of some of sex worker indicated that in the past they earn their livelihood through other occupations as well. In their appearance, some of them Packay had dominant masculine characteristics with male identity. Other had dominant feminine characteristics in their personality. Most of the transgender in the profession of sex work had belonged to this category. They lived in shape of groups and one of them lead them and known as Gurru. For some of the cases group this type of transgender includes Khusras as well. Those groups who had Khusras among them known as more reputable and respected. In majority of the cases Gurru selected from the Khusra community. However, notion of Packa were not associated with the Khusras. This term specifically referred to the transgender those were working as sex worker and having age group more than eighteen years. They were difference from Kachay sex worker in many terms. In contrast to the Kachay sex worker, Packay were not hiding themselves. People living in their surroundings mostly known to them even they visit to the public places in search of client as well. This openness was also referred as demarcation line among kacha and packa transgender/ sex worker. As, one of the respondents shared that: jin ki pakki ho jati hay wo hei kholay aam public mian a ker appna dhanda kerty hain or yeh tab hei hoti hay jab tajrba hota hay. Power Structure among Packay: Already this was discussed that most of time packay live in groups and their group live control by the Gurru. They place where they live were known as Dera. Groups of packay based on different number but most of time these kinds of groups consist 3-6 transgender-sex worker and sometime Khusras as well. They live under defined rule and regulation of the Gurru. Gurru consider as head of the family and influence lives of the sex workers. Gurru aslo had some share from the income of the sex worker. He runs all affairs of the group life and even control visits of the guest as well. Mostly sex worker calls their clients or guest with permission of the Gurru. One of the sex workers Dilshad had given me time for the visit. However, later he refused because his Gurru had not allowed me to visit their Dera. He shared that: Gurru ji kehty hain kissi ko bahir say lanay ki zaroorat nhi hay. I further inquired about the reasons why guru refused. He shared that guru jo kehty hain theak kehty hain, guru tasali kay bagir kissi ko anay nhi detay. In their group life guru also responsible for the arrangement of the various rituals performed in their community. Those Gurru who had performed these rituals at alrge scale and invite maximum member of their community known as big guru and earn good reputation. Time of the rituals, participants, dress patterns and place always finalize by the guru. Unfortunately I have not attended any rituals of the transgender community as its need long time to earn their confidence and permission to attend their rituals. Even they were very not open to discuss place and time of the rituals which they called Jalsa. One of the respondents said: Hum ko ijazat nhi hoti kay appni community say abhir kay logo ko Jalsay ki jaga ka batain Yar making ritual. (marriage) One of the ritual perform among transgender is Yar making ritual. This ritual is similar to marriage ceremony. Most commonly marriage considers as union of two opposite sex people which socially legitimate sexual relation. However, among transgender community Yar making ritual is performe between people of two same sexes but different genders. Firstly I would like to discuss about concept of Yar as this was perceived among transgender sex worker community. One of the respondents had shared that: Yar wo hota hay jo zada tar appnay garriya (sex worker) kay sath rehy or us say sab say zada pyar keray. Other respondent shared Jo hum ko sab say zada pyar keray or hamari zaroorto ko pora keray wo Yar hota hay Initially yar appears in the life of sex worker as client. Ultimately relations of intimacy, affectation, closeness brings both of the parties (sex worker and client)close to each other. They started to look together most of the times. Sex worker community started to recognize as couple having close relation. In this regard one of the respondents had shared: Yar to wo hota hay jo har waqat sath ho or logo ko pata ho Yar also started to exercise his influence on the sex worker and became only and only client. Most of the time he prohibit sex worker by taking other clients. He solely bears expenditure of the sex worker. Than sex worker demands her yar to perform Yar making ritual front of her community. Some of the time yar became agrees to performe ritual and sometime denies. As, one of the respondents had shared: Yar to har koi bana chata hay magar yar banay ka Jalsa wo hei kerta hay jo sacha hota hay As already have discussed all the rituals performed among transgender sex worker were known as Jalsa and these Jalsas were controlled by Gurru. Generally meaning taken among the sex worker community was the gathering of people. Therefore, Yar making rituals also controlled by Gurru. However, most of the time Yar bears expenditure made on the Yar making rituals. Expenditure on the Jalsa was directly proportional to the love and closeness of the relation between sex worker and yar. If the yar loves more to the sex worker (commonly known as garria) than he will done maximum expenditure. One of the respondent had shared that jeetna zada yar pyar kerta ho ga woo otna zada khurcha keray ga Other respondents had shared that: Yeh yar ki zamadari hoti hay kay wo hamaray Gurru ki izat keray or un ko tohfa day Gurru invites sex worker community member. However, before calling he asked from Cheela (sex worker) about the number of guest and it based on the amount given for the Jalsa by Yar for lunch or dinner which known as valima. This advice to yar must present gifts to the Gurru and Garria at the occation of Yar making rituals. He also presents feminine cloths to the Yar for the occasion. Garria prepare like bride and use cosmetics for her preparation. If garria do not wears ladies dress than she must wear Dupata on her head. Among sex worker community all these kind of preparation have raised prestige of the sex worker and her guru. os din ka maza hei Koch or hota hay jeetna acha jalsa hota hay otna hei hum khoob tyari kertay hain. Rituals is completed after exchange of rings in the fingurs of Garria and Yar. After doing this all the present guest cheers, present gifts to garria and yar. After performing Yar making ritual, Garria treated as wife of Yar. While, in some cases Garria starts to love some specific client and even do not charge services amount from him. Unconditionally and without any ritual they started to live with him and bear all the expenditure of the yar. She only demands love, care, affectation from her Yar. She always remain prepare for any type of sacrifice for her yar. But on other hand she he also demands faithfulness of her yar. She has great hate and jealous when her yar made sexual relation with other sex worker or when her yar do not gives attentions to her. One of the cases reported that garrie tried to kill her yar because he was not paying attention on her. One of the respondents had shared: Agar yar tmara na ho to us ko kissi or ka bhe nhi hona chay. One of the respondents shared her case study: Main appnay yar kay sab kharchay bardasht kerta tha, main nay appnay dera per guru kay sath us kay rehnay ka bandobast kia hay. Os kay ly main khana banata tha, kapray dhota tha. Koch time kay bad os nay muj say Rs 100000 managay karobar kay ly jomain nay day diy. Bad main os nay or paisay mangay wo bhe main nay day diy. Eik dafa meray pass paisay nhi thay to os nay muj ko marna shoro ker dia. Main nay bardasht kia kyun kay wo hei sab Koch tha meray mery ly. Main nay os say keha kay muj say pyar kero muj ko maro mat. Lakin bad main pher os nay appnay dost kay sath mil ker muj ko mara jo muj ko bhot bora laga. Main nay badla lenay ka soch lia or os kay dost hei ko paisay day ker razi kia kay woo s ko maray. Pher asa hei howa os ko khoob mar pari jis say muj ko khushi howi. Bad main hum nay os ko appnay dera say nikal dia. Guru Making Ritual: Guru is most important person of sex worker community. In my locale I found that most of the guru is made on the basis of age, their experience as sex worker and their relation with other community member (sex worker community). All of the gurus in my locale were above 35 year of education and some of them had primary level educational background as well. Two of them also had other skills and initially they started work as skill labour and later they started work as sex worker. Two of them also had families in their native villages. I came to know initially they started work as male sex worker and later they shifted their identity as transgender. So, at this stage they had multifaceted manifestation of gender identity. One hand they were father, brother, and sone, while other hand they were transgender who were wearing ladies cloth, have had feminine name among transgender sex worker community and behave like female. However, apart from their identity we would discuss ritual performs for the making of Guru. Cheela (sex worker) is the person who gives identity to other sex worker as Guru through acceptance of her existence as experienced sex worker who can support her life. One of the respondents shared: Guru Hay to hum hain Other said: Guru to hamari ankhain hota hay Garru ki zindagi hei zamany dhekty howay guzarti hay jo wo janta hay main nhi janta For this purpose cheela organized a ceremony which known as Jalsa. In this ceremony Cheela and Guru calls all other community member and perform ritual. In this ritual Guru makes whole in the ear of the cheela. After performing this ritual a person who makes whole in the ear recognize as guru and a person to whom whole is made known as Cheela. Through this ritual Guru takes status as father/mother of the Cheela and Cheela like son/daughter. During this ritual guest and Cheela present gifts to the Guru and sometime Guru also present gifts to the Cheela as well. The value of the gift is determined by its price and preciousness. If gift presents to the Guru is valuable and expensive than it raises prestige of Guru and Cheela and consider symbol of strong relation, respect between each other. Jeetna jalsa acha ho ga otni hei humari izat ho gi Meray guru kay jalsay main to tufo ki barish ho gye thi Discussion.

Video Club Database Project Essay Example

Video Club Database Project Essay Oceanic Video Club is a private business, run by its owner Mr. Michael Coleman. Oceanic is a video club which is in the selling of films. The owner Mr. Michael has built up a large customer base and this is increasing year by year. The business is going well as the amount of clients is increasing. As Mr. Michael hold a list of customers on a paper-based filling system, so Mr. Michael does not worry about the client as they are being informed automatically. Consequently, he has decided to make an investment on a comprehensive customer information system so that he can hold details on his customers, who have been purchasing films in the last few years and now. Also to take their opinions about the video club so that he can offer his customers a better service.. An interview with Mr. Michael was arranged. These included: We will write a custom essay sample on Video Club Database Project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Video Club Database Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Video Club Database Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The objectives of the business. The precise objectives of the new system. The method currently used to record data. The information that needs to be kept on each customer. Any hardware or software constraints. The required output. The volume of data to be processed. The problems with the new and manual system. 1. How many employees do you have? 2. Do you sell on credit or cash? 3. Do you have any problems with debtors? 4. What are the expenses which you make each year? 5. What types of music do you sell? 6. Do you own or rent this place? 7. What problems do you get with the manual system? 8. How much money are you ready to invest in the computerization? An interview with Mr. Michael was arranged and a lists of topics for discussion drawn up prior to the interview. These included: Self: How many copies do you have in your stock? Mr. Michael: I have about 1500 copies. Self: Do you sell on credit or cash? Mr. Michael: I work with both systems. Self: Do you have any problems with debtors? Mr. Michael: Yes as it is usually the case everywhere. Self: What are the expenses which you make each year? Mr. Michael: When films are damaged I incurred a loss. Self: What types of films do you sells? Mr. Michael: I sell all types of films. Self: Do you own or rent this place? Mr. I own this place. Self: What problems do you get with the manual system? Mr. Michael It is time consuming to fill records on paper and sometimes important documents are loss. Self: How much are you ready to invest in the computerization? Mr. Michael would invest about Rs30 000 in the new system. Summary of the interview A lots of problems with the new system has been revealed during the interviews, and the new objectives recommended was done but it was time consuming to take data from the old paper-based system and put it in the new system as their was more than 300 regular customer in the old system and with 50 new customers being added every year. Problems to current system 1. Loss of records. Solution A. Use of a cupboard. Advantage All the records will be arranged in the cupboard drawers. Disadvantage It takes a lot of place Solution B. Used of a computerised database. Advantage Access to the information is rapid and there is less likelihood of the data becoming lost. Disadvantage Training is needed to use the system and this takes time and cost a lot of money. 2. Contacting customers about new items. Solution A. By sending letter to customers. The objectives may be stated in both quantitative and qualitative terms. 1. It should take less than 30 seconds to establish whether a customer is already on file and to fill in new films records. 2. It should be possible to go directly to the main menu screen to the entry of a transaction, without having to re-enter the customers name, etc 3. Data entry should be as fast and easy as possible, particularly as there are several hundred existing customers and music to be entered when the system is first installed. 4. It should take less than one minute to trace music for a customer. 5. The new system is required to provide the following information; a) A list of all available music. b) A list of all customers. 6. The main menu should be displayed automatically when the database is loaded, and the whole system should be menu-driven. The following is the data flow of the proposed system. The system to be developed is a customer information system, and is intended to enhance rather than replace the current system of recording music and customers records. If this proves successful, it will be possible at a future date to replace the current methods of recording records so that the details are typed directly into the computer and the required copies printed out. This could then be extended to link into a computerized accounts system. Software The customer has requested that the system be developed using Ms Access, so useless a good reason transpired for using an alternative program or package Ms Access will be the first choice of software. Hardware In order to run Ms Access and be able to perform a mail merge using word, a PC 486 or Pentium with a minimum of 8 MB, and preferably 16 MB, will be required. A fast processor such as a P4 will be needed if the system is not going to appear slow in switching between screens. Mr. Ah-Young is familiar with word and has a good keyboard skill, so should have no problem entering data and learning how to use the system. He would like to improve his knowledge of basic so that he can in the future perform new queries and reports as the need arises. A database package will be ideal for implementing the system for Power Music Shop, and as Mr. Ah-Young has requested that it should be done in Ms Access. This is the package that must be used. It would probably be possible to implement the system using Ms Access or another programming language but it would take longer time and would involve the owner having to buy more software which is not really necessary, as Ms Access has all the capabilities required. I already have some experience of Ms Access and it is available both at home and at college for development. Using this package it will be possible to * Set up the necessary tables and relationships. * Produced customized input screens, using Ms Access to automate data entry wherever possible and to perform various validations. * Use Ms Access modules to enable fast searches for a particular Customer and past stay. * Design reports as needed. The database contains two entities, which are CUSTOMER and MUSIC. Tables will be created for each of the entities. Tables will be created for each of these entities. The tables will contain the following data. Attribute Name Data type and length Validation Film code Text (4) Unique primary key Title Text (50) Actor Text (50) Actress Text (50) Type Text (20) Number of copies Numeric (2) Duration Text (6) Attribute Name Data type and length Validation Code Text (4) Unique primary key Name Text (20) Other Names Text (20) Date Of Birth Text (8) Sex Text (6) Address Text (50) Tel number Text (7) ID Card Number Text (16) Two data entry form are needed. This form will be used for several purposes so it needs facilities to * Check to see whether a Customer is already on the database. * Add a new Customer. * Look though all the existing records for the current Customer and bring up more details if necessary. The Customer details form will be as shown on the next page. This form will be used for several purposes so it needs facilities to * Check to see whether music is already on the database. * Add a new music * Look though all the existing records for the current music and bring up more details if necessary. The music details form will be as shown on the next page. Customer File FILM File The format of all the reports will be similar. The layout of the Customer report is shown below. The menu structure is as follows: A password will be attached to the database so that it is only accessible to someone who knows the password. Different access levels are not needed as Mr. Pascal is the only person who will be using the database. 9. Test Strategy The test strategy will include five different types of testing as described below: LOGICAL TESTING This will be used to test every aspect of each form, report and query as soon as it is implemented, using valid, invalid and extreme data. Test data will be added to test each code module and results compared with expected results. Sufficient data will be added to ensure that there is at least one customer in each category. The test data that will be added initially is shown in Appendix. Subsequent test will often involve adding new data, which will then be deleted when the test works satisfactorily. FUNCTIONAL TESTING Each menu item will be tested in turn to ensure that no function has been missed out. SYSTEM TESTING When the system is complete, the whole range of tests will be carried out again to ensure that no errors have been introduced. RECOVERY TESTING The computer will be re-booted while the database is open to ensure that data is not lost or corrupted in the event of a power of a power failure. ACCEPTANCE TESTING The user will then be involved and asked to test all the capabilities of the program to ensure that all request functions are presented and working in the manner expected. This testing may result in further refinements. SECTION 3 TESTING TEST PLAN Module: Password Menu TEST NO. TEST EXPECTED RESULT REMARKS 1 Insert correct password and click on Login Main Menu should appear on the screen. OK 2 Insert incorrect password and click on Login A message saying wrong password should appear on the screen. OK Module: Main Menu TEST NO. TEST EXPECTED RESULT REMARKS 1 Click on Customer File command button. Item File must appear on the screen. OK 2 Click on Film File command button. Customer File must appear on the screen. OK Module: Film File TEST NO. TEST EXPECTED RESULT REMARKS 1 Click on Add command button. Must be able to add a record. OK 2 Click on Save command button Must be able to save a record. OK 3 Click on Delete command button. Must be able to delete a record. OK 4 Click on Back to Main Menu command button. Main Menu must appear on the screen. OK Module: Customer File TEST NO. TEST EXPECTED RESULT REMARKS 1 Click on Add command button. Must be able to add a record. OK 2 Click on Save command button Must be able to save a record. OK 3 Click on Delete command button. Must be able to delete a record. OK 4 Click on Back to Main Menu command button. Main Menu must appear on the screen. OK SECTION 4 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE 1. SYSTEM OVERVIEW This Customer information system is designed to keep records of Customer profiles and their past purchases. It is designed to run alongside the current manual system of recording purchases, rather than replacing it. The computer will be in the reception and the owner can use it to check whether a customer who comes in is already on the database, or to check on past purchases. New data will be added to the database at a convenient time, possibly at the end of the week. The procedure that the user will fellow is described in the design section. 2. TABLES AND RELATIONSHIPS Tables and relationships were set up as specified in the design section. 3. FORMS The menu structure was set up as specified in the design section. Forms were used as follows: Main Menu This is specified as the start-up form and loads automatically when database is opened. All buttons either opening other form or reports, or quitting the database, were placed using wizards. Report Menu All buttons placed using wizards. Maximise macro runs on opening form. Input Forms The Customer details form has a combo box displaying Customer codes so that the user can look up the record for any Customer. The record source for this box is the database. 4. REPORTS These are as described in the user manual. All reports were created using wizards and then tailored to produce a more appropriate layout. SECTION 5 USER DOCUMENTATION Initial set up Password Menu The Password menu is automatically started when the database is loaded. The password is case sensitive but it will only accept OCEANIC. Main Menu The Main Menu will automatically appear when you enter the password. Film File Add a new record In order to add a new record, click on Add new and after adding all the information, click on Save Record. Viewing a record To view a record, find it using the Find record list box. Deleting a record To delete a record, first find it using the Find record list box, change the information and click on Delete record. View a report In order to view a report, click on Film Report. Customer File Add a new record In order to add a new record, click on Add new and after adding all the information, click on Save Record. Viewing a record To view a record, find it using the Find record list box. Deleting a record To delete a record, first find it using the Find record list box, change the information and click on Delete record. View a report In order to view a report, click on Customer Report. SECTION 6 APPRAISAL The system has been completed and installed on the users PC. It was completed in the manner originally designed and agreed with the user, and is straightforward to use. Referring to the original objectives listed in the Analysis section: 1. It should take less than 30 seconds to establish whether a film or a customer is already in the database. 2. It should be possible to go directly from the film files screen to the entry of a new film. 3. Data entry is as fast and easy as possible. 4. The new system provides the following information. a) List of all films. b) List of all customers. 5. The main menu should be displayed automatically when the program is loaded and the whole system should be menu driven 6. Mr. Pascal had some problems initially with data entry, confusing Items and customers, as this aspect works a little differently from the manual system. However he has now entered data for over 100 items and has no problems to report. 7. All reports are implemented as specified. 8. The menus work as planned. SECTION 7 APPENDIX Password Menu Private Sub Login_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Login_Click Dim stDocName As String Dim stLinkCriteria As String Text1.SetFocus If Text1.Text = OCEANIC Then stDocName = Mainmenu DoCmd.OpenForm stDocName, , , stLinkCriteria Else MsgBox (Wrong Password) End If Exit_Login_Click: Exit Sub Err_Login_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Login_Click End Sub Private Sub Exit_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Exit_Click DoCmd.Close Exit_Exit_Click: Exit Sub Err_Exit_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Exit_Click End Sub Main Menu Private Sub Exit_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Exit_Click DoCmd.Close Exit_Exit_Click: Exit Sub Err_Exit_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Exit_Click End Sub FilmFile Private Sub Add_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Add_Record_Click DoCmd.GoToRecord , , acNewRec Exit_Add_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Add_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Add_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Delete_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Delete_Record_Click DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acEditMenu, 8, , acMenuVer70 DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acEditMenu, 6, , acMenuVer70 Exit_Delete_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Delete_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Delete_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Save_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Save_Record_Click DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acRecordsMenu, acSaveRecord, , acMenuVer70 Exit_Save_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Save_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Save_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Film_Report_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Film_Report_Click Dim stDocName As String stDocName = Film Report DoCmd.OpenReport stDocName, acPreview Exit_Film_Report_Click: Exit Sub Err_Film_Report_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Film_Report_Click End Sub Private Sub Back_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Back_Click Dim stDocName As String Dim stLinkCriteria As String stDocName = Main Menu DoCmd.OpenForm stDocName, , , stLinkCriteria Exit_Back_Click: Exit Sub Err_Back_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Back_Click End Sub Customer File Private Sub Add_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Add_Record_Click DoCmd.GoToRecord , , acNewRec Exit_Add_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Add_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Add_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Delete_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Delete_Record_Click DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acEditMenu, 8, , acMenuVer70 DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acEditMenu, 6, , acMenuVer70 Exit_Delete_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Delete_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Delete_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Save_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Save_Record_Click DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acRecordsMenu, acSaveRecord, , acMenuVer70 Exit_Save_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Save_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Save_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Customer_Report_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Customer_Report_Click Dim stDocName As String stDocName = Customer Report DoCmd.OpenReport stDocName, acPreview Exit_Customer_Report_Click: Exit Sub Err_Customer_Report_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Customer_Report_Click End Sub Private Sub Back_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Back_Click Dim stDocName As String Dim stLinkCriteria As String stDocName = Main Menu DoCmd.OpenForm stDocName, , , stLinkCriteria Exit_Back_Click: Exit Sub Err_Back_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Back_Click End Sub

Impact of Child Abuse essays

Impact of Child Abuse essays The impact of abuse reaches all levels of a childs emotions. The two most common emotions are confusion and guilt. Confusion is usually the initial reaction of the child. They will usually wonder what is going on or if this is right or wrong. For a young child these types of questions can be a huge burden on their physcological development. Once the abuse begins the victim experience a tremnedous conflict with their emotions. They feel pleasant due to the attention they are recieving from the parent, as well as the sensual pleasure. On the other hand they experience pain, guilt, and anger for what is being done to them. The questionif this is right or wrong is the greatest conflict within the childs mind. The abuse feels so wrong yet the abuser insits it's okay, taking advantage of the childs mistrust and naivety. Below are the thoughts of an abused victim as she thinks back to her abuse and questions her father. It is an example of this mistrust as well as the confusion which goes through a childs mind. "Since I was a little ten-year-old child, I had to deceive and hide from the world and my mother that my father took a sexual interest in me. Remember how you taught me that art of deceit? First you put me in a situation that had to be kept a secret then you pledged me to secrecy...As a ten- year-old child, what was I supposed to do? You are an intelligent man-you figure out the options available to a ten-year-old in that position." (Dolan 58) Guilt is also a huge emotional trip for the child. The abused will feel tremendous guilt for a numerous reasons: they feel they did nothing to stop the abuse therefore they are responsible and it should continue, they felt uncomfortable but the abuse was sometimes pleasureable, or they somehow deserved and/or caused the abuse. A victim will usually feel this way when their self-esteem has diminshed and they have no more answers for what is happenning. The following quote illustrates that...

Vertigo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vertigo - Essay Example This model covers the stages of coming together and the stages of moving apart. Looking at the film vertigo, the model of rational development can get applied to explain the film further and the communications that occur in the movie. It talks about how the characters in the film come together and eventually how they split. Vertigo is an American psychological thriller film produced in the year 1958. The film brings together certain genres such as drama, romance, mystery & suspense. It involves around the police detective, John "Scottie" Ferguson who gets released from service due to his acrophobia and vertigo conditions (Hitchcock Film). He gets a lifeline when his close friend Gavin Elster, hires him to spy on her wife Madeleine. Strange events occur and in the end he falls in love with Madeleine. The film brings out several tragedies towards the end and perceptions about the characters change due to the strange decisions they make (Hitchcock Film). The film is regarded as one of the best films of all time. This study involves the use of Mark Knapps model of relational development to explain the types of communications that occur within the movie. The first stage of the model is initiating. Here, the persons meet and they engage in small communication. In this case, we look at how Gavin meets Scottie, they engage in communication and Gavin tells him of the assignment. This stage leads to the next which is the experimenting stage. Here, the person has several questions on his mind regarding the information he received. Scottie tries to understand what Gavin wants from him and whether he can deliver. The two are looking to find a common ground amongst them regarding Gavin’s proposal to find out Madeleine’s activities. It leads to the next stage that is the intensifying stage. Here, Scottie and Gavin become very close, and they are now on the same page regarding the assignment. The fourth stage that occurs is the