Drug and Alcohol Abuse

â€Å"Humankind has utilized psyche or mind-set modifying drugs at any rate since the start of written history and possibly before† (Substance). As time just as innovation advanced, so did the utilization and maltreatment of medications and liquor. The innovation of the vehicle expanded the threats of the maltreatment and utilization of these medications. Every year in the United States and Canada, liquor misuse is the reason for 100,000 passings. Liquor is likewise the medication that youngsters ages 12 to 17 most normally misuse. Young people become qualified to get their drivers permit during these years, liquor misuse is the main source of high school deaths.People who misuse liquor are bound to mishandle different medications also. â€Å"Drug misuse incorporates the utilization of illicit drugsâ€such as maryjane, methamphetamines, cocaine, heroin, or other â€Å"street drugs†Ã¢â‚¬and the maltreatment of legitimate remedy and nonprescription drugs†(Alcohol ). At the point when an individual is affected by liquor as well as medications, there mind is in a changed state. Along these lines, activity of a vehicle can be risky to anybody around. The abuser is likewise bound to be engaged with a fierce question or have clinical complexities when under the influence.Because of these issues, it is significant that there be laws against liquor and medication misuse. It is additionally essential to have ramifications for violating those laws. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration built up a strategy for deciding whether the administrator of an engine vehicle is affected by medications or liquor. The test they created is known as the Standardized field Sobriety Test. â€Å"The Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) is a battery of three tests managed and assessed in a normalized way to acquire approved pointers of weakness and build up reasonable justification for arrest† (Standardized).The test incorporates the Horizontal G aze Nystagmus which comprises of the individual looking side to side while the official watches the rascals of the eye. There is likewise a walk and turn practice and a remain on one leg work out. At the point when this test is led appropriately, it can decide inside 91% exactness if the individual is impaired. As we as a whole know, medication and liquor misuse has become a major issue among every single social class. At the point when liquor and medication misuse happens among big names, it is broadcasted on the front of each tattle magazine and talk station.These people are not doing anything not quite the same as your normal regular American, yet their lives are caused open with the goal that everybody to can reprimand and discussion about them. A case of a big name who has had their own life pitched is Lindsay Lohan. I viewed a network show yesterday about her legitimate difficulties. Lindsay Lohan, who has been in different motion pictures and advertisements since she was a li ttle child, has had a long fight with liquor and medication misuse. In 2005, she was accused of wrongdoing DUI and discharged from prison the equivalent day.She has endeavored an assortment of recovery offices including a month and a half at Promises Rehab. Lohan was halted and charged again in July of 2005 for DUI. This time she was captured and looked. Law implementation found a limited quantity of Cocaine in her ownership; in this way she was additionally reserved for opiates accuses and furthermore driving of a suspended permit. She was discharged from prison in the wake of posting a 25,000 bail. After this capture, she endeavored one more recovery office. At the point when she returned for court, she confessed to 2 DUI allegations. As a piece of a request bargain, she was discharged from the other charges.She was condemned to 1 day in prison, 10 days of network administration, and three years probation. She was likewise requested to finish a medication office focus. In November , she answered to serve her day in prison and was discharged following 84 minutes due to congestion. Lohans bail was repudiated in 2010 in light of the fact that she neglected to appear for a probation hearing. A warrant was likewise given for her capture, yet then repudiated when she represented her bond. After two days, she came back to court and it was resolved that she damaged her bond by missing a few liquor training classes.She was condemned to 90 days in prison of which she served 14 days, and 90 days of lockdown recovery of which she served around three weeks. (The E! Hollywood Story). In spite of the fact that it was depicted as though Lohan was given a diminished sentence time since she is a big name, yet as I would see it, she was most certainly not. When all that somebody does is advanced, all things considered with big names, it is simple for us to state they were given a diminished sentence, yet in fact, numerous individuals indicted for violations are given decreased sentences or none at all.I do accept that in the event that you have more cash to pay fines, at that point you are bound to not spend time in jail, yet you don't need to be a big name to pay out of difficulty. Numerous individuals accused of DUI never do whenever in light of the fact that they can pay fines or recruit a legal counselor to demonstrate them blameless when they are definitely not. I have a companion who was pulled for suspected DUI. She was given a field temperance trial of which she fizzled. She was then given a breathalyzer and it was resolved to be multiple times as far as possible. She was captured for DUI, and afterward discharged the following day.She had the option to recruit an attorney to audit all the desk work and recordings the official had turned in. It was clear she was blameworthy, however the official didn't do everything on the money, so her case was excused. This shows our equity framework is defective. When there are no ramifications for your activit ies, you keep on doing those things that could hurt others. I accept that condemning for substance misuse ought to be a government law. There are such a large number of guiltless people who are slaughtered on the grounds that somebody is a substance abuser. I likewise accept that network administration ought not be a piece of condemning and projects, for example, PTI ought not be available.I accept that driving affected by medications or liquor puts others at an expanded danger of substantial damage and ought to be a wrongdoing that conveys a prison time sentence. In the event that accept that on the off chance that you decide to drive drunk, at that point you decide to do the time!REFERENCES Alcohol and Drug Problems. Jan Nisel. October 27, 2010http://www. peacehealth. organization/KBASE/subject/manifestation/alcpb/review. htm Substance Abuse Counseling: Theory and Practice by Patricia Stevens and Robert L. Smith Page 4 Standardized Field Sobriety Testing http://www. nhtsa. gov/ind ividuals/injury/liquor/SFST/appendix_a. htm The E! Hollywood Story: publicized October 2010 Medication and Alcohol Abuse â€Å"Humankind has utilized psyche or state of mind modifying drugs at any rate since the start of written history and possibly before† (Substance). As time just as innovation advanced, so did the utilization and maltreatment of medications and liquor. The creation of the vehicle expanded the threats of the maltreatment and utilization of these medications. Every year in the United States and Canada, liquor misuse is the reason for 100,000 passings. Liquor is likewise the medication that youngsters ages 12 to 17 most regularly misuse. Young people become qualified to get their drivers permit during these years, liquor misuse is the main source of high school deaths.People who misuse liquor are bound to mishandle different medications too. â€Å"Drug misuse incorporates the utilization of illicit drugsâ€such as maryjane, methamphetamines, cocaine, heroin, or other â€Å"street drugs†Ã¢â‚¬and the maltreatment of legitimate solution and nonprescription drugs†(Al cohol). At the point when an individual is affected by liquor as well as medications, there mind is in an adjusted state. Along these lines, activity of a vehicle can be exceptionally perilous to anybody around. The abuser is likewise bound to be associated with a fierce question or have clinical intricacies when under the influence.Because of these issues, it is significant that there be laws against liquor and medication misuse. It is likewise essential to have ramifications for violating those laws. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration built up a technique for deciding whether the administrator of an engine vehicle is affected by medications or liquor. The test they created is known as the Standardized field Sobriety Test. â€Å"The Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) is a battery of three tests controlled and assessed in a normalized way to get approved markers of impedance and build up reasonable justification for arrest† (Standardized).The test incorpo rates the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus which comprises of the individual looking side to side while the official watches the rascals of the eye. There is additionally a walk and turn practice and a remain on one leg work out. At the point when this test is led appropriately, it can decide inside 91% exactness if the individual is impaired. As we as a whole know, medication and liquor misuse has become a major issue among every single social class. At the point when liquor and medication misuse happens among famous people, it is pitched on the front of each tattle magazine and talk station.These people are not doing anything not the same as your normal ordinary American, however their lives are caused open with the goal that everybody to can scrutinize and discuss them. A case of a big name who has had their own life pitched is Lindsay Lohan. I viewed a TV program yesterday about her legitimate difficulties. Lindsay Lohan, who has been in different films and advertisements since she was a little child, has had a long fight with liquor and medication misuse. In 2005, she was accused of crime DUI and discharged from prison the equivalent day.She has endeavored an assortment of recovery offices including a month and a half at Promises Rehab. Lohan was halted and charged again in July of 2005 for DUI. This time she was captured and looked. Law authorization found a modest quantity of Cocaine in her ownership; along these lines she was likewise reserved for opiates accuses and furthermore driving of a suspended permit. She was discharged from prison subsequent to posting a 25,000 bail. After this capture, she endeavored one more recovery office. At the point when she returned for court, she confessed to 2 DUI allegations.

Kidney Stones :: essays research papers

Kidney Stones The clinical term for kidney stones is Nephrolithiasis or Renal Calculi. A kidney stone is a strong irregularity that can be as little as a grain of sand what's more, as extensive as a golf ball comprised of gems that different from pee and fabricate up on the inward surfaces of the kidney. A kidney stone that doesn't pass on out can hinder the urinary tract. This blockage will most likely reason a ton of torment. In the event that clinical consideration isn't gotten to distinguish the reason for the torment and expel the blockage, the agony is probably going to leave over a couple of days. This typically will cause the victim to feel that the issue is done however it really has not. The difficult that had really happened was that the kidney that had been blocked has now closed down. This kidney, whenever left untreated for only a couple of days, can prompt a changeless loss of the kidney.      There are numerous potential reasons for a kidney stone. They are framed from any of the accompanying, or even two of the accompanying:  ·Ã¢ â â â â a family hereditary inclination to frame stone  ·Ã¢ â â â â to nearby water or soil conditions  ·Ã¢ â â â â intake of overabundance uric corrosive, certain prescriptions, Vitamin C, or Vitamin D  ·Ã¢ â â â â a diet of products of the soil high in oxalate  ·Ã¢ â â â â long term drying out and its subsequent centralization of pee  ·Ã¢ â â â â urinary contamination  ·Ã¢ â â â â living in a region where high temperatures cause perspiring and loss of liquids  ·Ã¢ â â â â possibly, simply driving a low physical movement way of life Specialists and different doctors express that the best two different ways to forestall this infection from happening is to keep yourself very much hydrated by any stretch of the imagination times. This is best done by drinking 2 or 3 cups of water a day and to just eat/drink a specific measure of the accompanying nourishments:  ·Ã¢ â â â â apples⠷â â â â â asparagus⠷â â â â â beer⠷â â â â â beets⠷â â â â â berries, various⠷â â â â â black pepper⠷â â â â â broccoliâ â â â â ⠷â â â â â cheese⠷â â â â â chocolate⠷â â â â â cocoa⠷â â â â â coffee⠷â â â â â cola drinks⠷â â â â â collards⠷â â â â â figs  â â â â ⠷â â â â â grapes⠷â â â â â ice cream⠷â â â â â milk⠷â â â â â oranges⠷â â â â â parsley⠷â â â â â peanut butter ·Ã‚     pineapples      ·Ã‚     spinach ·Ã‚     Swiss chard⠷â â â â â rhubarb⠷â â â â â tea⠷â â â â â turnips⠷â â â â â vitamin C⠷â â â â â yogurt  â â â â On the off chance that the kidney stone is bigger than 1/4 inch in distance across it will probably go through the kidney with no clinical medicines aside from the torment executioners to help the patient endure the kidney stone scene which may keep going for a few days. Those between 1/4 inch and 1/2 inch in measurement are less liable to pass all alone as they get bigger. In the event that the kidney stone is bigger than 1/2 inch in width it will probably should be either evacuated by medical procedure or by lithrotripsy. Lithrotripsy is the way toward executing the stone by utilizing

How to Write Essay Outline With Examples - Paperell.com

Step by step instructions to Write Essay Outline With Examples Step by step instructions to Write Essay Outline With Examples Imagine a scenario where you were doled out such an undertaking. How to keep away from regular errors and get a high appraisal? Composing any scholarly paper for any level takes loads of difficult work, commitment and imagination, anyway it additionally takes appropriate association. At the point when you have to compose an article, you ought to see how to arrange it in a legitimate manner. That’s why a diagram exists. On the off chance that you are considering what is a diagram †it is a skeleton, which assists with organizing your article, makes sense of the central matters of each passage, and makes a unique structure of an exposition. Utilizing a diagram, you can compose a wise paper. In this article, you will discover tips that will assist you with creating a blueprint for paper, which is a significant piece of work in understudy life.Before You Start An EssayHow to compose a framework? Prior to composing a framework for an exposition, you ought to do a few things tow ard the start. Ensure that you are addressing the inquiry †attempt to make sense of the most significant thing you have to reply and afterward, search for the catchphrases. They will assist you with structuring your paper accurately. Pick the correct title for your work, in the event that you haven’t a foreordained one yet, and after this, you can begin making a structure for your essay.The Structure Of Outline For Essay Main PointsIntroductionAfter you have picked a theme and a title for your paper, begin to compose a presentation. The presentation normally begins from far off and finishes in the proposal. In the presentation, you ought to set up your primary concern of view and get your perusers acquainted with the general theme you expound on. What else should an introduction incorporate? It is constantly critical to grab an eye of your perusers and to place your fundamental thought in setting when you compose a presentation. Likewise, remember that the presentation, when in doubt, starts with a conversation of your unique subject and demonstrates the correct terms to set up your thesis.ThesisThe end of a presentation is a proposal. It ought to be clear and not long. You have to function admirably on your theory to make it justifiable for your perusers and don’t overlook that each body passage needs to help your proposal. Accordingly, on the off chance that you are thinking about how to compose paper, postulation is the key thing to remember. In the postulation, you should make sense of your central matter concisely.Body ParagraphsThis sort of paper normally has three body sections, which comprise of the contentions and proof. The themes should bolster your thesis.TransitionsIn a decent and successful work, you need to show the association between sections, utilizing advances, which can be a last part or a last sentence of the body passages. In addition, the changes as a rule incorporate into the following theme sentence.Topic SentencesEv ery section in your paper’s body should start with a subject sentence. Such sentences present the topic and give the data that is identified with the point, while every theme sentence ought to be consistently identified with the thesis.SupportIn a help, you use contentions and realities, statements and stories, information and models which need to help a subject sentence. There is a one increasingly basic principle. You need to compose at least three focuses that help every theme sentence. It could be models from books, history, or from your private experience however in the event that you don’t have a thought of how to compose these models, you can likewise request some assistance with essay.ConclusionA determination wraps up a paper and summarizes all the data you gave and makes sense of the central matter you wrote in your proposal. It never gives any new data or contentions. In an end, you have to compose a sentence that is like the postulation. Moreover, you can e xpress the constraints of your work and compose something about the opportunities for the work that you or different specialists could do later on to find the subject completely. At long last, don’t neglect to evidence For A Paper OutlineHere you can locate a general blueprint model for expositions. There is a diagram design you should focus on. Utilizing this exposition plot layout, you will have the option to compose investigative, interpretive, or influential scholarly papers for your school or college. At the point when you have a general thought of how the blueprint for inquire about paper should resemble, let’s attempt to figure out how to structure your paper with this layout sample.Introduction1) Write a short sentence that ought to stand out enough to be noticed of your future readers.2) Write you explanation in a one clear and legitimate sentence.Body1) First fundamental idea:a) Provide supporting informationb) Give another supporting factc) Include your last supporting idea2) Second primary idea:a) Provide supporting informationb) Give another supporting factc) Include your last supporting idea3) Third principle ideaa) Provide supporting informationb) Give another supporting factc) Include your last supporting ideaConclusionRepeat your proposition in an alternate wordingEnd your exposition with a one shrewd sentence

How to Succeed in Writing an Essay

How to Succeed in Writing an Essay Lets be honest; writing is probably not a skill you can boast about. You probably havent written a best-seller yet, and you havent won a Nobel Prize in literature. Well, dont get desperate. You wont believe how many good writers havent done it, either. You are reading this article because you want to learn how to write better, and that is already a good sign. So, you need to write an article. Have you selected a topic yet? Sometimes your teacher will assign you a topic, but if you have an opportunity to select one yourself, you should definitely do so. You can write about something you are good at or interested in or perhaps something you wanted to learn about but don’t have the time. Before you begin writing, you might develop a plan. Careful planning helps you work more productively, gives you a better idea of how much time you should spend on writing every day, and also helps you to understand what needs to be accomplished and in what order. First of all, ask yourself whether you know enough to write on topic you have chosen. If not, conduct some preliminary research. Read a book or a magazine, ask a person who is knowledgeable about it, or just research it on the Internet. Once youve conducted a little bit of research, you may feel like you have all the information needed, but it may seem a bit chaotic in your head. You may often find yourself sitting at your desk, trying to sort everything out so you express your ideas or understanding on paper. You have to analyze all the information, determine what needs to be included in your paper, what information is irrelevant, what sources are reliable, and which are not. Doing so will help you to become more organized in completing the paper. Very often people are intimidated by a blank sheet of paper. You may be afraid to start writing, thinking that you are too incompetent. Possibly, you are not willing to make mistakes and feel discouraged at the thought of making errors. However, even experienced writers are sometimes afraid to write. None of them are sure that what they write will appeal to their readers; yet, they take risks and succeed. You shouldnt worry too much about making mistakes as you write. First, if you dont write anything, you will definitely fail, so its worth trying to write at least something. Second, write whatever you feel like writing now. Think of your writing as a lump of clay. You take away here and add there. You mold and shape it into what you want it to be. Writing is a craft, an art. Keeping that in mind, your first draft may drastically differ from the final version of your paper. So, once your first draft is completed, your task is to edit your paper with care and consideration for what yo u want to say and how you want to say it. Rewriting may take more time than you spent on writing the original draft, but this proves how important proofreading and revising is in making a paper flawless. Writing is not easy, but with the tips mentioned above, a great deal of diligence, and a bit of inspiration, you can successfully write an essay. Probably, you need a professional essay writing service to have your academic paper written by highly qualified writers? Try our custom writing company now!

Essay about Medieval India and China - 1198 Words

Running head: Medieval India and China Paper Medieval India and China Paper Mike Colson University of Phoenix Global Civilizations 1400-1700 HIS 276 Mark Olick Medieval India and China In the following paper I will discuss the key differences in medieval India and China. I will compare and contrast each society’s social, cultural, political, and religious climates. In addition, explaining the civilizations economic environment during medieval times. Finally, I will describe how the Turks and Mongols influenced these two civilizations. During medieval times, India’s social climate could be considered one of an idealistic civilization. From growing crops, to the teachings of higher forms of education, India was†¦show more content†¦For example the first encyclopedia was five centuries ahead of its European counterparts. Culturally India during the medieval times was based on the affairs for their local institutions. Unlike being run by bigger authority such as the state, communities were more ruled over by smaller factions known as Guilds. These guilds organized and handled the local laws of the land and handled things at the local level. This also gave the locals a sense of belonging and identity. The common cultural theme within the Indian community was that the majority were farmers. These farmers made up the village life, and each farmer usually worked just outside the village on a small plot of land. Everyone worked together, and individual families formed under the head of the family which lead and guided the families in most decisions. The farming life provided the common Indian farmer with a nice since of status within society. Ultimately, the medieval Indian culture is based on many aspects on ways to promote community. These include sailors or fishermen, tradesmen, craftsmen, and farmers. China also had the farming life but the surround culture in the medieval society was more centralized around government. Men worked at trying to be officials and generals. These positions were considered prominent and a noble profession. Politically, medieval India and China were either a dynastic andSh ow MoreRelatedThe Black Death Of India And The Peasant s Revolt1688 Words   |  7 Pagesin India and the Peasant’s Revolt in England, during the medieval period lasting from the 5th century to the 15th century (500-1500s). Throughout the report, information will include significant individuals involved or affected by the event, a significant occurrence during each event, and finally the interconnections that can be established between the Peasant’s Revolt and Black Death. The Black Death The Black Death is said to be the worst catastrophe ever recorded throughout the medieval periodRead MoreGunpowder Revolution In The Revolution1069 Words   |  5 Pagesthe world through giving Europeans power, accomplished by facilitating the renaissance and allowing them to conquer much of the world. Gunpowder was able to evolve and change along with these powerful European states. What began as an invention in China Lorge, 818-820 became a horrific weapon in the hands of the Europeans. This evolution was a by-product of the social structure, and less though, but significant, economic structure of European nations, which maximized its effectiveness in these nationsRead MoreAncient And Medieval World Of Eurasia1678 Words   |  7 Pageseast and west through the diffusion of goods, technology, medicine, and religion. The two most vital networks of trade in the ancient and medieval world of Eurasia were the Spice Routes and the Silk Road. 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Be able to describe characteristics of hunting and gathering. Was there widespread specialization of labor? (NO) HuntingRead MoreEastern Hemisphere And Its Impact On The Development Of All Societies985 Words   |  4 Pagesprogression of new technology; iron axes, adzes, and hoes were created, and revolutionized agriculture on their land. The introduction of bananas from sea lanes became popular in Africa and increased the supply of food that was available. Likewise for Medieval Europe, cultivation on Europe grounds allowed more room for agricultural techniques, the utilization of developed tools and technologies, and the institution of new crops. Similar to Africa, population pressure rose and space for more agricultureRead MoreThe American Biscuit Company1614 Words   |  7 Pagesbakeries had the exact same recipes and standards of production. Through this N.B.C. developed products that could be nationally recognized. All the merchandise is marked with a distinct emblem, an oval with two bars across it. Which Green found in a medieval Italian printers’ mark catalog, which is said to represent the triumph of good over evil. In 1912 the first Oreo was invented, which looked very similar to the one we enjoy today. How did Oreo get its name? Some say it came from the french word forRead MoreThe Battle Of Chamdo A 1950 s Invasion Of Tibet1384 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Wilkinson Sabrina Pinnell War and Peace November 28 2016 The Battle of Chamdo—a 1950’s invasion of Tibet (Known in China as the Liberation of Chamdo) Happiness mainly comes from our own attitude, rather than external factors. Dalai Lama History and Causes: When looking at what can only be defined as modern history (the last 200 years), the world has never had a moment where there was no conflict on the globe. But while some of the best studied and most memorable wars were long ones, likeRead MoreSilk Road1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthat traveled and impact, continuity in spread of religion along the trade route ). One of the patterns of interaction along the Silk Road was in the products that were traded. The Silk Road trade system was created by interactions between Han China in the 2nd century B.C.E. and their western neighbors when an expedition for alliances to deal with a pesky neighbor turned into something else. The first product traded for on the Silk Road were Ferghana horses that the Chinese leader of the expedition

Vietnam War As A Civic Duty And A True Testament - 915 Words

Vietnam In the 1960s, America found itself divided among various social matters. Conformity, civil rights, and the Vietnam war. While the older generations viewed fighting in the war as a civic duty and a true testament to what it meant to be an â€Å"American†, the counterculture did not share this belief. Regardless of how anyone felt about the war, it had escalated to epic proportions and as one citizen put it, â€Å"It was on our mind every single hour of the day† (PBS CITE). Vietnam was the first war ever to be televised, and with that came constant coverage and a growing concern from young Americans. In addition, the military draft made matters worse by forced the youth America to fight. â€Å"By 1968, the war in Vietnam had claimed over 15,000 American lives†(CITE PBS). Between the draft and the growing American casualties, greater tension in the US was created. Young Americans had to ask themselves if the war was worth fighting. Opposition to the draft and draft evasion was the central plot element in Hair with Claude s indecision of whether or not to serve his country in Vietnam—a war he does not believe in (Young, 1993, p. 71). Claude represent most of the youth of America and their confusion which was ignited by the war. His internal conflict is depicted in the song â€Å"Where do I Go†: â€Å"Where do I go/ Follow the children (...) Is there an answer / In their sweet faces / That tells me why I live and die† (SONG CITE). Here, Claude talks about following his tribe as a way to makeShow MoreRelatedBeyond The Things They Carried1210 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond the Things They Carried The Vietnam War began in 1954, consisting of many extensive, horrific years of battle that seemed to create more harm to the United States and its soldiers rather than to North Vietnam. The 500,000 United States military personnel returned home with the loss of the war and the loss of their friends on their minds. Although the physical and emotional experiences that the men went through is unfathomable, Tim O’Brien does a great job portraying what life as a soldierRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesinnovations and an attendant increase in the efï ¬ ciency with which problems are solved and goods and services are produced. The other force generating social change in Webers scheme is charisma. Borrowing the concept of charisma from the New Testament, where it simply means â€Å"gift of grace,† or the possession of divine powers, Weber gives it a much wider sociological application.11 For him, charisma refers to an extraordinary quality, often claimed and considered to be of divine or supernaturalRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesorganizations, including libraries, management responsibility is being distributed more widely throughout the organization than ever before. WhaT Do managers Do? Managers are usually very busy people who have a number of responsibilities and duties. The duties associated with a managerial position are carried out simultaneously and concurrently. Managers are often multitasking, and their work is frequently interrupted and done in a fragmented fashion. Many managers seem to be juggling a number of

Transgender Sex Worker free essay sample

Culture of transgender as sex worker: a world inside a world Introduction: Gender is often confused with sex. Sex generally refers to anatomy and biology whereas gender refers to qualities and behaviours society expects from a female or a male. These roles are learned, change over time and vary enormously across and within cultures[1]. There are not too many people in the world who can say they’ve been both a mother  and a father. But Jennifer Finney Boylan, nee James Boylan, can (Beth Greenfield 2012)[2]. What this is called a matter of sex and gender which based on biological and social role division. However, one who wants to change their sex or role took step towards notion of transgender. Transgendered people are individuals of any age or sex whose appearance, personal characteristics, or behaviors differ from stereotypes about how men and women are â€Å"supposed† to be (Jamison Green)[3]. While people self-identify as transgender, the transgender identity umbrella includes sometimes-overlapping categories. These include  transsexual;  transvestite or cross dresser;  gender queer; androgyne; and  bigender[4]. In most of the part of the world we have not much statistical data which indicates accurate or estimated population of the transgender. However, an estimated 3. 5% of adults in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual and an estimated 0. 3% of adults are transgender (Gary J. Gates, Williams April 2011)[5]. While, it is estimated that . 2 to . 4 percent of the world population can be transsexual or transgender. Since two to three decades researcher have been focusing on transgender lives with reference to the various aspects. Most of the places around the world transgender have not faced normal attitude from the society and they have less space with in their culture. They really face challenges to form their self-identity against that identity which they have since their birth and acquired in society on the basis of gender roles. Transgendered people bear the brunt of societys homophobia, even though many identify as heterosexual. Indeed, it could be said that homophobia is really transphobia, the sphere of the stereotype, the limp wrist, feminine male. Because of the social factors, many transgendered women turn to prostitution and other types of sex work to survive (Christine Beatty, 1994)[6]. Background: In our culture transgendered people face numerous obstacles to employment, housing, health care and schooling, because of societal prejudice against them. Doctors, operate on the brain, heart, or any other organ, and people do not blink an eye, but if one operates on the genitals people suddenly become very upset (Christine Beatty, 1994)[7]. Nizamani, whose US-based organization is actively engaged in promoting safer sex practices among homosexuals and male sex workers in Pakistan, they reported about 50,000 male prostitutes (Eliezer F. Wangulu ), 136,000 female sex workers (NCPA 2009) and estimated numbers of Hijras were reported 14  725 from mapping of 12 cities in Pakistan, 2007 ( F. Emmanuel et al ). In the Pakistan, men who engage in these activities may not think of themselves as homosexual or even MSM, and would choose to have sex with a woman in many other situations. Different behaviors and identities need to be taken into consideration when developing and implementing sexual and reproductive health for MSM (Eliezer F. Wangulu 2009) same was found for the khusras as most of MSM goes ‘home’ regularly, where they take on expected male gender roles as provider, son, husband and father. In addition to this sexual identity and life style of transgender make them vulnerable to violence and abuse from society, clients and police (M. Collumbien et al). Rational Transgender are one of the deprive group of the society which is neglected at the social sphere. They have faced situation of isolation stigma and hatred due to their identity crisis and role which push them to adopt sex work profession. Being in same profession of sex work among other transgender they form a community with the help of Hijras. Most of the researchers have studied transgender with reference to the HIV/ AIDS. However, very few of the researchers had focused their attention on the lives of transgender. So, this research study will be sharing cultural life of the transgender and about the world which they have created in already existing world. Research design This research study is based on the exploratory research design. The purpose behind the adaptation of descriptive research design was the belief that this type of research design will provide rich descriptive details about the culture of the transgender and other associated phenomena. In addition to this descriptive research design help us to answer what is happening? How is something happening? And why something happening? We know target group of this research and we are interested to capture this specific target group life in their community. So, descriptive research design will help us to bring their culture insight. Research Question: What is cultural life of the transgender and how they interact with each other being part of the transgender community? Operationalization of the concept: Under the direction of the research question following research object have developed to capture cultural life of the transgender. However, before documenting objective of the study we have to talk about the culture. Culture is broad term and has multiple definitions. Each discipline of the social science domain defined culture with their own point of reference. However, for the understanding research has documented E. W tylor definition of the culture: â€Å"Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society†. However, this definition will provide limitation and strict boundaries for the data collection. So, researcher have operationalized culture definition with simple concept that Culture is a word for peoples way of life, meaning the way they do things. Objectives: 1. To find out the way they (transgender) are in their social life 2. To know the rituals, custom, norms perform by the transgender in their community 3. To know their lives as sex worker Methodology Target Population: This research study conducted with the transgender having various age group of 18 to 45 years. Duration For this research data was collected September to December 2004. Purpose behind data collection was to fulfillment M. Sc Anthropology degree requirement and writing of M. Sc these for award of degree. Locale: This research study was conducted in Karachi at Mari pur truck ada. In addition to this researcher also had visited adjacent resdiditinal area of the Machor colony and Agra taj to meet transgender who had been working as sex that time. Results: Demographic profile: Table mentioned below is sharing information about the age of the transgender. After conducting interviews with 30 respondents researcher reached at the stage of saturation of the data and later information started to overlap. So, for this researcher study sample size was 30. Majority of the transgender were belonging with age group of 19-24 years. They belong to different part of the Pakistan. However, majority of the respondents of this research study came from Punjab. Being their appearance and style they look like Khusras. However, most of them were transgender. Here by saying transgender mean that they have changes their gender identity and portraying themselves as female. While, by mean of biological division they were male. Along with these transgender other major group belongs to the Khusra community. By using word Khusra I mean those sexually neither they fall under the domain of male division nor among female group. I also find some of the male who have been working as sex worker and living among transgender but they have dual role. When they stay with transgender they have their feminine names, they adopt conversation style like females, perform and act all those activities which were usually perform by the transgender. However, other hand they have their families as well like wives, children and they use to visit them at back to their native area. Usually these types of sex work came to the truck ada as massager and not only provide services to their clients for massage but also serve them as sex worker. The distribution of people of a society in groups on the basis of this status is called stratification. This stratification may be on the basis of occupations, caste, and education source of income, prestige and political power. The people attain these sources and get into a class. In this way the whole society is divided into a few classes, generally high, middle, lower middle and lower. While with stratification with reference to this domain of research i. e transgender culture was found very interesting. Transgender as sex worker were categorized on the following patterns. 1. Kachay (Those who were less then 18 year of age or look younger like child known as Kachay) 2. Pakkay (Those who were above age of 18 years knwn as Pakkay) While some of the other groups exists among transgender. The divison of those groups are as under: a) Khusras (These were less in number but had prominent position among sex worker community. Most of the Gurrus among sex worker community were found Khusras) b) Pimp (These were also less in number and perform role as protection shield among sex worker. They work as agent and sex worker as well. Some time they also transport sex worker from one place to other place and taking their booking ) Kachay: These were less in number and mostly have not any other skills other then earn their livelihood through sex work profession. During field stay and data collection I came to know that most of the time these kind of transgender lives with one or two partner but not in big groups. The totally control by their elder partner and direction of elder partner influence her social and economic life. One of the reasons found behind their living with one partner was the notion of protection. They faced difficulty to respond their social surroundings with confidence. Among the transgender community and in their cultures who were living separately or with one to partner coded as that: Un ki pakki nhi howi abhi tak or one of my respondent shared that un ki abhi tak kachi hay It means that they are transgender and have profession of sex work but still today they have not started sex work profession openly. Usually they have not faced trouble from the police side as most of their clients were fixed and they did not capture client openly and elder partner also support them. Power Structure among Kachay: Kachay transgender were earned more income in compare to other transgender who were working as sex worker. They have higher demand among clients. However, to approach kachay (transgender-sex worker) were difficult in compare to access other transgender (sex worker). They had specific and regular clients, so their incomes were higher. On the other hand, as already have been shared, majority of the Kachay were living among their elder partner. This elder partner most often found working as pimp or sex worker. All the income earned by the Kachay goes to the elder partner. Pimp later gave pocket money to the kachay. In their set up some times a younger partner Kacha became popular among clients due to her beauty and smartness, than elder partner became extra caring and considers to weightage her choice. Furthermore, during research it was found as Kacha got popularity with in the transgender/ sex worker community, she demands more power and autonomy with reference to her mobility, development of friendship, extra share from the income, and started to attract clients through her. However, in all the snario elder partner exercise all the means and ways to control Kacha (sex worker) and tries to keep mostly maters in his hand. Packay (Sex worker having age more than 18 years) Division of these sex workers were based on age category. These transgender (sex worker) mostly earn their livelihood through sex trade. However, life history of some of sex worker indicated that in the past they earn their livelihood through other occupations as well. In their appearance, some of them Packay had dominant masculine characteristics with male identity. Other had dominant feminine characteristics in their personality. Most of the transgender in the profession of sex work had belonged to this category. They lived in shape of groups and one of them lead them and known as Gurru. For some of the cases group this type of transgender includes Khusras as well. Those groups who had Khusras among them known as more reputable and respected. In majority of the cases Gurru selected from the Khusra community. However, notion of Packa were not associated with the Khusras. This term specifically referred to the transgender those were working as sex worker and having age group more than eighteen years. They were difference from Kachay sex worker in many terms. In contrast to the Kachay sex worker, Packay were not hiding themselves. People living in their surroundings mostly known to them even they visit to the public places in search of client as well. This openness was also referred as demarcation line among kacha and packa transgender/ sex worker. As, one of the respondents shared that: jin ki pakki ho jati hay wo hei kholay aam public mian a ker appna dhanda kerty hain or yeh tab hei hoti hay jab tajrba hota hay. Power Structure among Packay: Already this was discussed that most of time packay live in groups and their group live control by the Gurru. They place where they live were known as Dera. Groups of packay based on different number but most of time these kinds of groups consist 3-6 transgender-sex worker and sometime Khusras as well. They live under defined rule and regulation of the Gurru. Gurru consider as head of the family and influence lives of the sex workers. Gurru aslo had some share from the income of the sex worker. He runs all affairs of the group life and even control visits of the guest as well. Mostly sex worker calls their clients or guest with permission of the Gurru. One of the sex workers Dilshad had given me time for the visit. However, later he refused because his Gurru had not allowed me to visit their Dera. He shared that: Gurru ji kehty hain kissi ko bahir say lanay ki zaroorat nhi hay. I further inquired about the reasons why guru refused. He shared that guru jo kehty hain theak kehty hain, guru tasali kay bagir kissi ko anay nhi detay. In their group life guru also responsible for the arrangement of the various rituals performed in their community. Those Gurru who had performed these rituals at alrge scale and invite maximum member of their community known as big guru and earn good reputation. Time of the rituals, participants, dress patterns and place always finalize by the guru. Unfortunately I have not attended any rituals of the transgender community as its need long time to earn their confidence and permission to attend their rituals. Even they were very not open to discuss place and time of the rituals which they called Jalsa. One of the respondents said: Hum ko ijazat nhi hoti kay appni community say abhir kay logo ko Jalsay ki jaga ka batain Yar making ritual. (marriage) One of the ritual perform among transgender is Yar making ritual. This ritual is similar to marriage ceremony. Most commonly marriage considers as union of two opposite sex people which socially legitimate sexual relation. However, among transgender community Yar making ritual is performe between people of two same sexes but different genders. Firstly I would like to discuss about concept of Yar as this was perceived among transgender sex worker community. One of the respondents had shared that: Yar wo hota hay jo zada tar appnay garriya (sex worker) kay sath rehy or us say sab say zada pyar keray. Other respondent shared Jo hum ko sab say zada pyar keray or hamari zaroorto ko pora keray wo Yar hota hay Initially yar appears in the life of sex worker as client. Ultimately relations of intimacy, affectation, closeness brings both of the parties (sex worker and client)close to each other. They started to look together most of the times. Sex worker community started to recognize as couple having close relation. In this regard one of the respondents had shared: Yar to wo hota hay jo har waqat sath ho or logo ko pata ho Yar also started to exercise his influence on the sex worker and became only and only client. Most of the time he prohibit sex worker by taking other clients. He solely bears expenditure of the sex worker. Than sex worker demands her yar to perform Yar making ritual front of her community. Some of the time yar became agrees to performe ritual and sometime denies. As, one of the respondents had shared: Yar to har koi bana chata hay magar yar banay ka Jalsa wo hei kerta hay jo sacha hota hay As already have discussed all the rituals performed among transgender sex worker were known as Jalsa and these Jalsas were controlled by Gurru. Generally meaning taken among the sex worker community was the gathering of people. Therefore, Yar making rituals also controlled by Gurru. However, most of the time Yar bears expenditure made on the Yar making rituals. Expenditure on the Jalsa was directly proportional to the love and closeness of the relation between sex worker and yar. If the yar loves more to the sex worker (commonly known as garria) than he will done maximum expenditure. One of the respondent had shared that jeetna zada yar pyar kerta ho ga woo otna zada khurcha keray ga Other respondents had shared that: Yeh yar ki zamadari hoti hay kay wo hamaray Gurru ki izat keray or un ko tohfa day Gurru invites sex worker community member. However, before calling he asked from Cheela (sex worker) about the number of guest and it based on the amount given for the Jalsa by Yar for lunch or dinner which known as valima. This advice to yar must present gifts to the Gurru and Garria at the occation of Yar making rituals. He also presents feminine cloths to the Yar for the occasion. Garria prepare like bride and use cosmetics for her preparation. If garria do not wears ladies dress than she must wear Dupata on her head. Among sex worker community all these kind of preparation have raised prestige of the sex worker and her guru. os din ka maza hei Koch or hota hay jeetna acha jalsa hota hay otna hei hum khoob tyari kertay hain. Rituals is completed after exchange of rings in the fingurs of Garria and Yar. After doing this all the present guest cheers, present gifts to garria and yar. After performing Yar making ritual, Garria treated as wife of Yar. While, in some cases Garria starts to love some specific client and even do not charge services amount from him. Unconditionally and without any ritual they started to live with him and bear all the expenditure of the yar. She only demands love, care, affectation from her Yar. She always remain prepare for any type of sacrifice for her yar. But on other hand she he also demands faithfulness of her yar. She has great hate and jealous when her yar made sexual relation with other sex worker or when her yar do not gives attentions to her. One of the cases reported that garrie tried to kill her yar because he was not paying attention on her. One of the respondents had shared: Agar yar tmara na ho to us ko kissi or ka bhe nhi hona chay. One of the respondents shared her case study: Main appnay yar kay sab kharchay bardasht kerta tha, main nay appnay dera per guru kay sath us kay rehnay ka bandobast kia hay. Os kay ly main khana banata tha, kapray dhota tha. Koch time kay bad os nay muj say Rs 100000 managay karobar kay ly jomain nay day diy. Bad main os nay or paisay mangay wo bhe main nay day diy. Eik dafa meray pass paisay nhi thay to os nay muj ko marna shoro ker dia. Main nay bardasht kia kyun kay wo hei sab Koch tha meray mery ly. Main nay os say keha kay muj say pyar kero muj ko maro mat. Lakin bad main pher os nay appnay dost kay sath mil ker muj ko mara jo muj ko bhot bora laga. Main nay badla lenay ka soch lia or os kay dost hei ko paisay day ker razi kia kay woo s ko maray. Pher asa hei howa os ko khoob mar pari jis say muj ko khushi howi. Bad main hum nay os ko appnay dera say nikal dia. Guru Making Ritual: Guru is most important person of sex worker community. In my locale I found that most of the guru is made on the basis of age, their experience as sex worker and their relation with other community member (sex worker community). All of the gurus in my locale were above 35 year of education and some of them had primary level educational background as well. Two of them also had other skills and initially they started work as skill labour and later they started work as sex worker. Two of them also had families in their native villages. I came to know initially they started work as male sex worker and later they shifted their identity as transgender. So, at this stage they had multifaceted manifestation of gender identity. One hand they were father, brother, and sone, while other hand they were transgender who were wearing ladies cloth, have had feminine name among transgender sex worker community and behave like female. However, apart from their identity we would discuss ritual performs for the making of Guru. Cheela (sex worker) is the person who gives identity to other sex worker as Guru through acceptance of her existence as experienced sex worker who can support her life. One of the respondents shared: Guru Hay to hum hain Other said: Guru to hamari ankhain hota hay Garru ki zindagi hei zamany dhekty howay guzarti hay jo wo janta hay main nhi janta For this purpose cheela organized a ceremony which known as Jalsa. In this ceremony Cheela and Guru calls all other community member and perform ritual. In this ritual Guru makes whole in the ear of the cheela. After performing this ritual a person who makes whole in the ear recognize as guru and a person to whom whole is made known as Cheela. Through this ritual Guru takes status as father/mother of the Cheela and Cheela like son/daughter. During this ritual guest and Cheela present gifts to the Guru and sometime Guru also present gifts to the Cheela as well. The value of the gift is determined by its price and preciousness. If gift presents to the Guru is valuable and expensive than it raises prestige of Guru and Cheela and consider symbol of strong relation, respect between each other. Jeetna jalsa acha ho ga otni hei humari izat ho gi Meray guru kay jalsay main to tufo ki barish ho gye thi Discussion.

Video Club Database Project Essay Example

Video Club Database Project Essay Oceanic Video Club is a private business, run by its owner Mr. Michael Coleman. Oceanic is a video club which is in the selling of films. The owner Mr. Michael has built up a large customer base and this is increasing year by year. The business is going well as the amount of clients is increasing. As Mr. Michael hold a list of customers on a paper-based filling system, so Mr. Michael does not worry about the client as they are being informed automatically. Consequently, he has decided to make an investment on a comprehensive customer information system so that he can hold details on his customers, who have been purchasing films in the last few years and now. Also to take their opinions about the video club so that he can offer his customers a better service.. An interview with Mr. Michael was arranged. These included: We will write a custom essay sample on Video Club Database Project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Video Club Database Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Video Club Database Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The objectives of the business. The precise objectives of the new system. The method currently used to record data. The information that needs to be kept on each customer. Any hardware or software constraints. The required output. The volume of data to be processed. The problems with the new and manual system. 1. How many employees do you have? 2. Do you sell on credit or cash? 3. Do you have any problems with debtors? 4. What are the expenses which you make each year? 5. What types of music do you sell? 6. Do you own or rent this place? 7. What problems do you get with the manual system? 8. How much money are you ready to invest in the computerization? An interview with Mr. Michael was arranged and a lists of topics for discussion drawn up prior to the interview. These included: Self: How many copies do you have in your stock? Mr. Michael: I have about 1500 copies. Self: Do you sell on credit or cash? Mr. Michael: I work with both systems. Self: Do you have any problems with debtors? Mr. Michael: Yes as it is usually the case everywhere. Self: What are the expenses which you make each year? Mr. Michael: When films are damaged I incurred a loss. Self: What types of films do you sells? Mr. Michael: I sell all types of films. Self: Do you own or rent this place? Mr. I own this place. Self: What problems do you get with the manual system? Mr. Michael It is time consuming to fill records on paper and sometimes important documents are loss. Self: How much are you ready to invest in the computerization? Mr. Michael would invest about Rs30 000 in the new system. Summary of the interview A lots of problems with the new system has been revealed during the interviews, and the new objectives recommended was done but it was time consuming to take data from the old paper-based system and put it in the new system as their was more than 300 regular customer in the old system and with 50 new customers being added every year. Problems to current system 1. Loss of records. Solution A. Use of a cupboard. Advantage All the records will be arranged in the cupboard drawers. Disadvantage It takes a lot of place Solution B. Used of a computerised database. Advantage Access to the information is rapid and there is less likelihood of the data becoming lost. Disadvantage Training is needed to use the system and this takes time and cost a lot of money. 2. Contacting customers about new items. Solution A. By sending letter to customers. The objectives may be stated in both quantitative and qualitative terms. 1. It should take less than 30 seconds to establish whether a customer is already on file and to fill in new films records. 2. It should be possible to go directly to the main menu screen to the entry of a transaction, without having to re-enter the customers name, etc 3. Data entry should be as fast and easy as possible, particularly as there are several hundred existing customers and music to be entered when the system is first installed. 4. It should take less than one minute to trace music for a customer. 5. The new system is required to provide the following information; a) A list of all available music. b) A list of all customers. 6. The main menu should be displayed automatically when the database is loaded, and the whole system should be menu-driven. The following is the data flow of the proposed system. The system to be developed is a customer information system, and is intended to enhance rather than replace the current system of recording music and customers records. If this proves successful, it will be possible at a future date to replace the current methods of recording records so that the details are typed directly into the computer and the required copies printed out. This could then be extended to link into a computerized accounts system. Software The customer has requested that the system be developed using Ms Access, so useless a good reason transpired for using an alternative program or package Ms Access will be the first choice of software. Hardware In order to run Ms Access and be able to perform a mail merge using word, a PC 486 or Pentium with a minimum of 8 MB, and preferably 16 MB, will be required. A fast processor such as a P4 will be needed if the system is not going to appear slow in switching between screens. Mr. Ah-Young is familiar with word and has a good keyboard skill, so should have no problem entering data and learning how to use the system. He would like to improve his knowledge of basic so that he can in the future perform new queries and reports as the need arises. A database package will be ideal for implementing the system for Power Music Shop, and as Mr. Ah-Young has requested that it should be done in Ms Access. This is the package that must be used. It would probably be possible to implement the system using Ms Access or another programming language but it would take longer time and would involve the owner having to buy more software which is not really necessary, as Ms Access has all the capabilities required. I already have some experience of Ms Access and it is available both at home and at college for development. Using this package it will be possible to * Set up the necessary tables and relationships. * Produced customized input screens, using Ms Access to automate data entry wherever possible and to perform various validations. * Use Ms Access modules to enable fast searches for a particular Customer and past stay. * Design reports as needed. The database contains two entities, which are CUSTOMER and MUSIC. Tables will be created for each of the entities. Tables will be created for each of these entities. The tables will contain the following data. Attribute Name Data type and length Validation Film code Text (4) Unique primary key Title Text (50) Actor Text (50) Actress Text (50) Type Text (20) Number of copies Numeric (2) Duration Text (6) Attribute Name Data type and length Validation Code Text (4) Unique primary key Name Text (20) Other Names Text (20) Date Of Birth Text (8) Sex Text (6) Address Text (50) Tel number Text (7) ID Card Number Text (16) Two data entry form are needed. This form will be used for several purposes so it needs facilities to * Check to see whether a Customer is already on the database. * Add a new Customer. * Look though all the existing records for the current Customer and bring up more details if necessary. The Customer details form will be as shown on the next page. This form will be used for several purposes so it needs facilities to * Check to see whether music is already on the database. * Add a new music * Look though all the existing records for the current music and bring up more details if necessary. The music details form will be as shown on the next page. Customer File FILM File The format of all the reports will be similar. The layout of the Customer report is shown below. The menu structure is as follows: A password will be attached to the database so that it is only accessible to someone who knows the password. Different access levels are not needed as Mr. Pascal is the only person who will be using the database. 9. Test Strategy The test strategy will include five different types of testing as described below: LOGICAL TESTING This will be used to test every aspect of each form, report and query as soon as it is implemented, using valid, invalid and extreme data. Test data will be added to test each code module and results compared with expected results. Sufficient data will be added to ensure that there is at least one customer in each category. The test data that will be added initially is shown in Appendix. Subsequent test will often involve adding new data, which will then be deleted when the test works satisfactorily. FUNCTIONAL TESTING Each menu item will be tested in turn to ensure that no function has been missed out. SYSTEM TESTING When the system is complete, the whole range of tests will be carried out again to ensure that no errors have been introduced. RECOVERY TESTING The computer will be re-booted while the database is open to ensure that data is not lost or corrupted in the event of a power of a power failure. ACCEPTANCE TESTING The user will then be involved and asked to test all the capabilities of the program to ensure that all request functions are presented and working in the manner expected. This testing may result in further refinements. SECTION 3 TESTING TEST PLAN Module: Password Menu TEST NO. TEST EXPECTED RESULT REMARKS 1 Insert correct password and click on Login Main Menu should appear on the screen. OK 2 Insert incorrect password and click on Login A message saying wrong password should appear on the screen. OK Module: Main Menu TEST NO. TEST EXPECTED RESULT REMARKS 1 Click on Customer File command button. Item File must appear on the screen. OK 2 Click on Film File command button. Customer File must appear on the screen. OK Module: Film File TEST NO. TEST EXPECTED RESULT REMARKS 1 Click on Add command button. Must be able to add a record. OK 2 Click on Save command button Must be able to save a record. OK 3 Click on Delete command button. Must be able to delete a record. OK 4 Click on Back to Main Menu command button. Main Menu must appear on the screen. OK Module: Customer File TEST NO. TEST EXPECTED RESULT REMARKS 1 Click on Add command button. Must be able to add a record. OK 2 Click on Save command button Must be able to save a record. OK 3 Click on Delete command button. Must be able to delete a record. OK 4 Click on Back to Main Menu command button. Main Menu must appear on the screen. OK SECTION 4 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE 1. SYSTEM OVERVIEW This Customer information system is designed to keep records of Customer profiles and their past purchases. It is designed to run alongside the current manual system of recording purchases, rather than replacing it. The computer will be in the reception and the owner can use it to check whether a customer who comes in is already on the database, or to check on past purchases. New data will be added to the database at a convenient time, possibly at the end of the week. The procedure that the user will fellow is described in the design section. 2. TABLES AND RELATIONSHIPS Tables and relationships were set up as specified in the design section. 3. FORMS The menu structure was set up as specified in the design section. Forms were used as follows: Main Menu This is specified as the start-up form and loads automatically when database is opened. All buttons either opening other form or reports, or quitting the database, were placed using wizards. Report Menu All buttons placed using wizards. Maximise macro runs on opening form. Input Forms The Customer details form has a combo box displaying Customer codes so that the user can look up the record for any Customer. The record source for this box is the database. 4. REPORTS These are as described in the user manual. All reports were created using wizards and then tailored to produce a more appropriate layout. SECTION 5 USER DOCUMENTATION Initial set up Password Menu The Password menu is automatically started when the database is loaded. The password is case sensitive but it will only accept OCEANIC. Main Menu The Main Menu will automatically appear when you enter the password. Film File Add a new record In order to add a new record, click on Add new and after adding all the information, click on Save Record. Viewing a record To view a record, find it using the Find record list box. Deleting a record To delete a record, first find it using the Find record list box, change the information and click on Delete record. View a report In order to view a report, click on Film Report. Customer File Add a new record In order to add a new record, click on Add new and after adding all the information, click on Save Record. Viewing a record To view a record, find it using the Find record list box. Deleting a record To delete a record, first find it using the Find record list box, change the information and click on Delete record. View a report In order to view a report, click on Customer Report. SECTION 6 APPRAISAL The system has been completed and installed on the users PC. It was completed in the manner originally designed and agreed with the user, and is straightforward to use. Referring to the original objectives listed in the Analysis section: 1. It should take less than 30 seconds to establish whether a film or a customer is already in the database. 2. It should be possible to go directly from the film files screen to the entry of a new film. 3. Data entry is as fast and easy as possible. 4. The new system provides the following information. a) List of all films. b) List of all customers. 5. The main menu should be displayed automatically when the program is loaded and the whole system should be menu driven 6. Mr. Pascal had some problems initially with data entry, confusing Items and customers, as this aspect works a little differently from the manual system. However he has now entered data for over 100 items and has no problems to report. 7. All reports are implemented as specified. 8. The menus work as planned. SECTION 7 APPENDIX Password Menu Private Sub Login_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Login_Click Dim stDocName As String Dim stLinkCriteria As String Text1.SetFocus If Text1.Text = OCEANIC Then stDocName = Mainmenu DoCmd.OpenForm stDocName, , , stLinkCriteria Else MsgBox (Wrong Password) End If Exit_Login_Click: Exit Sub Err_Login_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Login_Click End Sub Private Sub Exit_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Exit_Click DoCmd.Close Exit_Exit_Click: Exit Sub Err_Exit_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Exit_Click End Sub Main Menu Private Sub Exit_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Exit_Click DoCmd.Close Exit_Exit_Click: Exit Sub Err_Exit_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Exit_Click End Sub FilmFile Private Sub Add_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Add_Record_Click DoCmd.GoToRecord , , acNewRec Exit_Add_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Add_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Add_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Delete_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Delete_Record_Click DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acEditMenu, 8, , acMenuVer70 DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acEditMenu, 6, , acMenuVer70 Exit_Delete_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Delete_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Delete_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Save_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Save_Record_Click DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acRecordsMenu, acSaveRecord, , acMenuVer70 Exit_Save_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Save_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Save_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Film_Report_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Film_Report_Click Dim stDocName As String stDocName = Film Report DoCmd.OpenReport stDocName, acPreview Exit_Film_Report_Click: Exit Sub Err_Film_Report_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Film_Report_Click End Sub Private Sub Back_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Back_Click Dim stDocName As String Dim stLinkCriteria As String stDocName = Main Menu DoCmd.OpenForm stDocName, , , stLinkCriteria Exit_Back_Click: Exit Sub Err_Back_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Back_Click End Sub Customer File Private Sub Add_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Add_Record_Click DoCmd.GoToRecord , , acNewRec Exit_Add_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Add_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Add_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Delete_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Delete_Record_Click DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acEditMenu, 8, , acMenuVer70 DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acEditMenu, 6, , acMenuVer70 Exit_Delete_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Delete_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Delete_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Save_Record_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Save_Record_Click DoCmd.DoMenuItem acFormBar, acRecordsMenu, acSaveRecord, , acMenuVer70 Exit_Save_Record_Click: Exit Sub Err_Save_Record_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Save_Record_Click End Sub Private Sub Customer_Report_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Customer_Report_Click Dim stDocName As String stDocName = Customer Report DoCmd.OpenReport stDocName, acPreview Exit_Customer_Report_Click: Exit Sub Err_Customer_Report_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Customer_Report_Click End Sub Private Sub Back_Click() On Error GoTo Err_Back_Click Dim stDocName As String Dim stLinkCriteria As String stDocName = Main Menu DoCmd.OpenForm stDocName, , , stLinkCriteria Exit_Back_Click: Exit Sub Err_Back_Click: MsgBox Err.Description Resume Exit_Back_Click End Sub

Impact of Child Abuse essays

Impact of Child Abuse essays The impact of abuse reaches all levels of a childs emotions. The two most common emotions are confusion and guilt. Confusion is usually the initial reaction of the child. They will usually wonder what is going on or if this is right or wrong. For a young child these types of questions can be a huge burden on their physcological development. Once the abuse begins the victim experience a tremnedous conflict with their emotions. They feel pleasant due to the attention they are recieving from the parent, as well as the sensual pleasure. On the other hand they experience pain, guilt, and anger for what is being done to them. The questionif this is right or wrong is the greatest conflict within the childs mind. The abuse feels so wrong yet the abuser insits it's okay, taking advantage of the childs mistrust and naivety. Below are the thoughts of an abused victim as she thinks back to her abuse and questions her father. It is an example of this mistrust as well as the confusion which goes through a childs mind. "Since I was a little ten-year-old child, I had to deceive and hide from the world and my mother that my father took a sexual interest in me. Remember how you taught me that art of deceit? First you put me in a situation that had to be kept a secret then you pledged me to secrecy...As a ten- year-old child, what was I supposed to do? You are an intelligent man-you figure out the options available to a ten-year-old in that position." (Dolan 58) Guilt is also a huge emotional trip for the child. The abused will feel tremendous guilt for a numerous reasons: they feel they did nothing to stop the abuse therefore they are responsible and it should continue, they felt uncomfortable but the abuse was sometimes pleasureable, or they somehow deserved and/or caused the abuse. A victim will usually feel this way when their self-esteem has diminshed and they have no more answers for what is happenning. The following quote illustrates that...

Vertigo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vertigo - Essay Example This model covers the stages of coming together and the stages of moving apart. Looking at the film vertigo, the model of rational development can get applied to explain the film further and the communications that occur in the movie. It talks about how the characters in the film come together and eventually how they split. Vertigo is an American psychological thriller film produced in the year 1958. The film brings together certain genres such as drama, romance, mystery & suspense. It involves around the police detective, John "Scottie" Ferguson who gets released from service due to his acrophobia and vertigo conditions (Hitchcock Film). He gets a lifeline when his close friend Gavin Elster, hires him to spy on her wife Madeleine. Strange events occur and in the end he falls in love with Madeleine. The film brings out several tragedies towards the end and perceptions about the characters change due to the strange decisions they make (Hitchcock Film). The film is regarded as one of the best films of all time. This study involves the use of Mark Knapps model of relational development to explain the types of communications that occur within the movie. The first stage of the model is initiating. Here, the persons meet and they engage in small communication. In this case, we look at how Gavin meets Scottie, they engage in communication and Gavin tells him of the assignment. This stage leads to the next which is the experimenting stage. Here, the person has several questions on his mind regarding the information he received. Scottie tries to understand what Gavin wants from him and whether he can deliver. The two are looking to find a common ground amongst them regarding Gavin’s proposal to find out Madeleine’s activities. It leads to the next stage that is the intensifying stage. Here, Scottie and Gavin become very close, and they are now on the same page regarding the assignment. The fourth stage that occurs is the

Acute Care Services Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Acute Care Services - Research Paper Example The hospital has a well-thought strategy for recruitment of nurses in the hospital. The strategy is a part of hospital’s overall staff recruitment policy which recognizes the importance of nurses in the quality healthcare provided by the hospital. The hospital recognizes recruitment as a basic function that holds key to proper functioning of the hospital in healthcare delivery. Therefore, recruitment is not an isolated but a central function that almost affects everything in the organization. The over-riding objective of the recruitment strategy is to attract competent and committed individuals who will make nursing a career and also stay for a long period in hospital service, in effect resolving the problem of frequent resignations leading to increased retention of nurses in ACUs of the hospital. Thus, recruitment of nurses for ACUs is based on an internal recruitment policy to recruit the best of qualified nurses and the strategy comprises the following strategic actions: Recruitment of nurses is an on-going biannual activity to fill available vacancies. Under this strategic mechanism, the required strength of 30 nurses for all ACUs should be maintained in any case so that the functioning of the hospital does not suffer. Under this approach applications are welcome from all interested qualifies nurses to register with the hospital database. The hospital conducts regular monthly reviews of all potential candidates fitting the requirements and invites them to the hospital for personal discussion.

Emerging Nokia Essay Example for Free

Emerging Nokia Essay 1. What strategy would you recommend for Nokia going forward? Please develop a complete strategy that addresses the following issues: Choice of scope: does it make sense for Nokia to be in both emerging and developed markets, or should they choose not to play in certain markets? How integrated should it be into manufacturing, services (apps), software development, sales, etc? Answer1: Choice of scope: With dwindling sales in developed countries like USA, UK, Germany, Russia and Italy and even in emerging markets like India, Indonesia and Brazil (as per Exhibit 1) despite previously having a stronghold, Nokia now had to decide if it should continue its focus on emerging markets or attempt to salvage the sales even in the developed markets. Status in developed markets: 1. The operators usually have more power but this was changing since the emergence of iPhone. It is a replacement market with users looking for up gradation 2. Competition- Growing competition from companies like Motorola, Samsung, LG and Sony Ericsson. The RIM‘s launch of Blackberry(2002) and Apple’s iPhone (2007) was a further set back 3. New Operating System- Emergence of new user friendly operating systems such as Google‘s Android and Microsoft’s Windows mobile further put Nokia on the back foot 4. Inability to understand demand- Nokia failed to identify the growing consumer need for touch screen phones 5. Target Nokia operated at all price points where as competitors like Apple (high-end segment) and Samsung( mid and high end segment) had a clearly drawn up strategy Slowdown in some emerging markets: 1. Reverse bundling allows the manufacturer to wield more power than the operator 2. There is lower cost of production which helps produce inspirational products at low rates 3. The growing competition from companies like Samsung that were offering the latest technology at competitive prices 4. Therefore, Nokia lost out on the middle and high segment but continued to grow in the low-end mobile segment as it had identified the gaps in emerging markets and customized services to suit the local consumers Nokia must recognize the difference in the different market  segments and take the challenges head on to be able to operate in both markets. It must clearly identify the segments it wants to operate in and also change its positioning based on the data below. Data from Exhibit 11: Percentage of phone sales by segment Emerging Markets Developed Countries Mid East AP w/o Japan Latin America E. Europe Japan W. Europe North America Basic 41% 43% 20% 34% 0% 4% 8% Enhanced 40% 44% 58% 45% 32% 29% 43% Smart Phones- E. level 10% 7% 12% 10% 6% 34% 8% Smart phone- Feature 10% 6% 9% 11% 62% 33% 41% Penetration 58% 45.50% 80.30% 127.50% 86.60% 122.90% 84.90% Nokia Market Share 61.40% 42.30% 32.80% 48% 0.30% 39.40% 7.20% In emerging markets, Nokia must focus on Basic and Enhanced phones, as that is the largest segment as the market is still evolving and low cost handsets coupled with customized services will help further grow its footprint. In developed countries, Nokia should look at development of high end- high technology driven models in the Smart Phones Entry Level and Feature segment. At the same time when it comes to Japan, Nokia should look to  divest as it is largely smartphone driven market and Nokia has very little market share and does not have the requisite technology to successfully compete in that segment yet. It is essential for Nokia to follow the innovations in developed countries especially USA and adapt them to developing markets if it wants to stand up against competition in both the markets. Mobile phone industry has followed the International Product Life Cycle but now they have reached a stage where different approach is required for innovation to take place in developed and developing markets to meet their specific needs. Another key thing that Nokia must do is to reconsider its Transnational Strategy and adopt a Multi-Domestic Strategy to be able to cater to the distinctive needs of both the developed and emerging markets and to be more locally responsive. Level of Integration: Manufacturing- It should continue to be highly integrated as that is its core competency and contributed to operating profits with a CAGR of 13%. It helps in cost control especially in price-sensitive emerging markets. Operating System- Low integration. The future of Symbian isn’t very bright as competitors like Android of Google and Apple already have a lot of applications to offer on their OS. hence, it must look to finding a partner for a better OS as has been shown by its adoption of windows OS. Service (Apps) Low integration. This can also be outsourced since it is not a core competency of Nokia and customer Value given to third party applications is on the rise (as per Exhibit 6) Sales and Distribution- Should be highly integrated as it has already developed a vast distribution and achieved great penetration in emerging markets which has been a source of higher margins by direct selling to consumers and is also a core competency. 2. What products should it offer smart phones, low end phones, etc? Source of advantage: what will be the distinctive competitive advantage that Nokia will offer? Choice of activities: what choices should Nokia make in all its key activities, and where will it locate those activities for eg., HR policies, manufacturing, RD, software development, sales and marketing, etc. What is the justification for your strategy recommendation? Answer2: Addressing the consumer needs should be the strategy for Nokia in both emerging and developed market. In the emerging markets where Nokia is already a leader, it should focus on catering to the growing bottom of the pyramid consumer. The biggest advantage that Nokia offers is its reach. It should focus on its complimentary telecom industry trend, specifically in India, telecom players are involved into price war and which gave customer a higher bargaining power to switch. In such case coming up with dual sim phone would cater to the primary need of market. The applications in the phone should be in sync with local leisure such as music, newspaper and such more. Instead charging user for Life tools, revenue generation should be from advertisers. Provide time bound high end test features in low end phone during successive OS updates; this will generate user awareness and need for high end smart phone. On the other hand, in developed markets, Nokia has lost its share to other players. Customer demands smartphones with high quality user interface experience and applications and data security (RIM’s competency), Nokia need to target it. Nokia’s target should be the esteem need of user. Developing an OVI ecosystem with third party app developers, advertisers through more free and few paid applications for users. This will give Nokia a distinct advantage in the market if acted as 1st mover. More investment and development for user data security will generate trust among the users. In the mobile phone industry, the product life cycle is very short. Every year a new product is available on the shelf. Hence responsiveness to the consumer’s need is a must. Nokia failed to do that this with the clamshell model in China. By the time it came out with the product, the trend for clamshell models had faded and Nokia lost out to competition. Key advantages of Nokia a. 3 distinct operating system platforms that can offer the base for wide range of products catering to all user segments. b. Longest and complex supply chain in the world. It has the most efficient sourcing, logistics, manufacturing, and distribution of any company in the world. c. Nokia offers the OVI Store: the second largest app store in the world which is growing 70% per month as per Tero Ojanpera, Nokia’s EVP for the Services. d. With the acquisition of Navteq Corporation, it has a strong presence in the GPS  world and provides a wide range of geographic image support covering almost more than 180+ countries. e. In India. Nokia has a strong hold of rural market with their distribution system handles by HCL Info systems. In Latin America, it has a dedicated team to manage the relationship with America Movil and Telefonica and to co-ordinate sales and services across the region. Choice of activities a. HR policies should be locally controlled by subsidiaries to keep local culture intact. b. Manufacturing should be done on a global scale to utilize cost and resource arbitrage. Core product RD should be centralized with satellite RD in each market to add local flavor to the product. c. Software development centers have to be installed in countries like India or Philippines to utilize local talent and expertise in software development. d. Sales and marketing should be again localized. Country specific distribution channel should be adopted.

Time Machine by H.G. Wells Essay -- Papers

Time Machine by H.G. Wells Works Cited Missing In 1895, Victorian Britain was very much Great Britain- 'the workshop of the world.' Since the Industrial Revolution technological advancement had changed the face of the country (shape, structure and appearance). Heavy industry demanded fossil fuels and therefore there was a heavy demand for mine workers. Growing transport demands led to new roads being built. Life in 802,701 seemed very different to that of 1895, it was a time of easy going and a very laid back time. Everything about this time was different ' The air was free from gnats, the earth from weeds or fungi; everywhere were fruits and sweet and delightful flowers; brilliant butterflies flew hither and thither.' There were two separate forms of life in this time; they were the Eloi and the Morlocks. The Eloi were the weaker of the two beings, and they were used as food for the Morlocks. H.G. Wells describes them in the book 'He was a slight creature- perhaps four feet high- clad in a purple tunic, girdled at the waist with a leather belt. Sandals or buskins- I could not clearly distinguish which- were on his feet; his legs were bare to the knees, and his head was bare. H.G.Wells was concerned that a two heir society was forming when he wrote this book, these two heirs were the ruling privileged clauses (The Haves) and the working class labourers (The Have Not's), so what Wells did was change the two round when he wrote this book, he made the Eloi, who had previously been the mine o... ... gone, in an instant.' The Time Machine is about a man who is a scientist and he wants to see what the future holds for humans, he builds a time machine. The time traveller stops off at various different points in the future but he ends up in the year 802,701 where he finds that the way of life is extremely different, he finds out that there is two distinct species, the Eloi and the Morlocks. He sees how the Eloi are treated as food for the Morlocks and how the Eloi have a life of luxury on the surface whereas the Morlocks are the hard workers working the machines underneath the ground. The time traveller is disgusted with what he sees and is devastated that this is how humans will live in the future, the time traveller stays and helps the Eloi defeat the Morlocks, as he doesn't like the way things work in this life.

Han Fei Tzu and The Art of Hotel Management

Around 280 B. C. the royal family of Han gave birth to one of the greatest philosophers of China, Han Fei Tzu. He studied under Sun Tzu, and in addition, from other philosophers such as the Taoist Legalist philosopher, Shen Tao, and a Legalist philosopher, Shen Pu-hai. Though Han Fei Tzu did not invent Legalism, he furnished the ideas to its perfection. His theories went against those of Confucius’s and other philosophers, focusing more on the practical level. Though ill fated to die in the hand of his own student, Li Ssu, Han Fei Tzu’s theories prove successful in uniting China and establishing the first emperor of China. Han Fei Tzu is a Legalist. His ideas of government establishment and function strove for those of extremes, of utmost reward and punishment. Han Fei Tzu focused on the art of distrust. His ideas parallel those of the modern world business, where the society is filled with darkness. Moreover, his establishment of the hierarchy of government equals those of modern corporations. The Chief Executive Officer oversees each and every order carried out, with specialists occupying different offices. Speaking of corporations, there is one industry that would draw Han Fei Tzu’s close attention. Not only does Han Fei Tzu’s theories apply in this particular business; furthermore, it actually functions in identical ways. In the hotel industry, the vital component not only lies in skills, capitals, or services. Hotel management, for the General Manager, focuses on the tactics of administration. The society within the hotel stands upon tied complications between individuals. Each and every member and staff deal not only with their duties. They face the challenge of cooperation and service. Thus, almost everyone in the hotel industry faces the challenge of socialization, on the materialistic level. People do not approach without purpose. ‘Deals’ and ‘transactions’ lie beneath every interaction. These deals and transactions may be job promotion, favors, etc. When there is no use for any additional help, people depart in their own ways. As one general manager describes, â€Å"I’d rather have a true enemy then all these false friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Putting Han Fei Tzu and the art of hotel management together provides the perfect combo. Han Fei Tzu’s â€Å"The Way of the Ruler† should work in harmony with the way of a General Manager. On the level of executive administration, Han Fei Tzu said, â€Å"The ruler [GM] must not reveal his desires; for if he reveals his desires his ministers will put on the mask that pleases him. He must not reveal his will; for if he does so his ministers will show a different face. † (P16) A GM, like the ruler, must not reveal his true self to his employees. By revealing the GM’s true self, he is also showing his weakness. Thus, his employees will be acknowledged of where to get at the GM. By this, the GM loses his control and power over his staff members, disabling the superiority over them. The skill to perfect the coverage of identity is trust. â€Å"It is hazardous,† Han Fei Tzu warns, â€Å"for the ruler of men to trust others, for he who trust others will be controlled by others. † (P84) When trusting others, one reveals his secrets to them. In turn, one day these secrets may backfire and injure the position of the GM. Thus, making sure to ignore trusting others is a fundamental for GMs to stay in control. In connection to trust is the way of assignment. How can the GM appoint positions if he ceases to trust anyone? This is done through the means of observation. Han Fei Tzu recommended, â€Å"if one were only to observe a man’s features and dress and listen to his speech, then even Confucius could not be certain what kind of person he is. But if one tries him out in government office and examines his achievements, then even a man of mediocre judgement can tell whether he is stupid or wise. † (P124) The result of the work is observed to judge a person. Intuitions and visuals are discarded. Rather, results are used to judge an individual and used to place him or her in the right office. Due to the fact that the world of hotel management lies in deep connection with socialization, the line between the manager and managed must be drawn. Henceforth, if the managed lacks the fear against the manager, the order of the hotel will be disrupted. Employees will act lazily and try to reduce their workload. Thus, to avoid laziness and enhance work efficiency, extreme measures of punishment must be carried out. â€Å"The enlightened ruler,† Han Fei Tzu describes, â€Å"controls his ministers by means of two handles alone. The two handles are punishment and favor. (P30) With extreme punishment, the GM sets an example of how misconduct will be treated, while encouraging hard work by means of reward. The usage of punishment and reward also allows greater control by the GM. Han Fei Tzu explains, â€Å"†¦the officials will turn their backs on law, seeking only to establish weighty personal connections and making light of public duty. † (P23) Through punishment and award, managers will be pulled away from attendance of establishing connections with higher executives, while focusing more on their duty. As mentioned above, the skill of socializing is so abused that hotel staffs solely rely upon connections to escape responsibility. Thus, they will learn that, though with connections, punishments will be carried out when duties are not fulfilled. Similarly, rewards will be given even there exists no connections, as long as the job is done right. Speaking of duties, the difference between executive officers and specialized staff must also be specified. â€Å"Appoint one man to each office. Let no one,† Han Fei Tzu suggests, â€Å"do as he pleases, and never permit men to change office or to hold two offices at the same time. (P39) A waiter is a waiter, and his duty is to serve the customer. Topping the waiters is the chief-waiter, who oversees the functioning of the restaurant. F/B (Food & Beverage) division manager sees to it that all the restaurants are providing the best service possible, keeping their customers content and jubilant. This is the distribution of responsibilities. To succeed in management, the GM must remember the words of Han Fei Tzu, where â€Å"the ministers name their proposals, the ruler holds fast to the name, and the ministers come forward with results. When names and results match, then superior and inferior will achieve harmony. † (P37) One’s own duty must be recognized, and regardless of the importance of the task, only by the fulfillment of every detail can a hotel function in its proper way. Moreover, â€Å"things have their proper place, talents their proper use. When all are in their proper place, then superior and inferior may be free from action. (P35)† Each member of the hotel secures their own position, making sure they have good ethics in their duties. One must not cross the lines of their responsibility, for it brings disorder and confusion to the hotel as a whole. Everyone minds their own task, and when appointed a certain position, they focus their energy to fulfill the requirements. Relating the bondage of duties and socialization of hotel members enter the competition for position. Every staff working in a hotel looks up to a higher level. They want to upgrade their status to increase their salary, to gain a better reputation, or other unspecific reasons. As a result, while everyone is socializing, treating each other in friendly matters, each one is in fact selfish. In reality, they fight over positions beneath the surface. Thus, a GM must â€Å"guard against danger, fear peril, make haste to designate your heir, and misfortune will have no means to arise. † As long as the GM announces the entitlement of certain positions, individuals will be aware of the occupied office, thus ceasing to plot for competitions. Even as the head of a hotel, the GM has to work in order to gain the ‘favor’ of his colleagues. Unlike the times of Han Fei Tzu, where the emperor ruled a province, GMs ruled only a hotel. Thus, punishments such as beheading and property confiscation could not be utilized. An alternative would be persuasion, to successfully convince his employees to follow his orders. This would be the usage of rewards, or wages. Han Fei Tzu suggests, â€Å"praise other men whose deeds are like those of the person you are talking to; commend other actions which are based upon the same policies as his. † Though this strategy is for ministers, the employers nowadays should also consider this tactic. Through persuasion, the GM may be able to command his people with greater efficiency. The hotel is like a province, and similar to ancient China, there exist more than one province. Competing hotels stand everywhere, and they are the ones that the GM battles. Thus, the GM must know how to maximize the usage of public resource and private capital to triumph in sales over other hotel competitors. Han Fei Tzu has already seen the significance in resource allocation, as he describes, â€Å"When the sage rules, he takes into consideration the quantity of things and deliberates on scarcity and plenty. † (P99) Though by this Han Fei Tzu means in terms of punishment and reward, this rule would be applied towards the usage of capital and investment, for the time is situated for such measures. The change of technology and uprising of new competing hotels also forces the GM to decide on major upgrades for the hotel. Which component of the hotel should the GM upgrade? Should technology be weighed heavier, or should the GM renovate the outlook? Han Fei Tzu recommends, â€Å"Those who have no understanding of government always tell you, â€Å"Never change old ways, never depart from established custom! † But the sage cares nothing about change or no change; his only concerns is to rule properly. † (P93) By this, the GM’s responsibility is to make the best decisions for the hotel, and because circumstances change according to the age, and ways of dealing with them change with the circumstances,† (P99) the GM’s decisions would be in reaction to the functions of competing hotels. If Hyatt renovated their lobby, Sheratons would check to see if this did create a higher room sales rate. If so, the Sheratons should also upgrade their lobby facility to compete against Hyatt. One particularly important writing of Han Fei Tzu is ‘The Eight Villainies’. This not only applies as a warning against the ruler and advice for the minister, it can also be manipulated to be used by the GM. Han Fei Tzu would certainly enjoy seeing his tactics used to its full extent. Here is a briefing for how this ‘Eight Villainies’ can be deployed and modernized for the best use by the GM: Making use of his bedfellows => Immediately upon distribution of reward, the GM may hope to ask for greater job performances, prior to the former one. Making use of his attendants => The GM, as the head of the hotel, can force lower employees such as waiters to agree with the GM, thus convincing the waiter-head to be held responsible for certain events. This applies to other offices as well. Making use of his elder and kin => By visiting the families of his employee, the GM may be more persuasive and successful at convincing his employee at undertaking certain task, for the family, in consideration of promotions, will try to convince particular individuals to gain favor of the GM. Encouraging baleful pursuits => The GM may appoint certain managers or staffs a better office, with fully equipped furniture and luxuries, thus impose heavier duty and greater responsibility unto the manager. Making use of the people => Considering one question, would the employees be in greater pursuit to gain favor from their GM or their manager? Given the fact that the GM is the head of the hotel, employees are certain to strive in contenting their wage-payer. Thus, the GM can impose a greater influence upon his employees to order managers indirectly to do so as the GM pleases. (This is very similar to ‘Making use of his attendants) Making use of fluent speakers => In one way, the GM may assign speakers from popular hotel management schools such as Cornell to speak in agreement with the GM. This increases credibility and enhances the strength of persuasion. Making use of authority and might => The GM is the head of the hotel, thus he possesses the greatest authority and might in the hotel. Using this power, the GM should exploit it to its full extent, by terminating unwanted managers or lazy employees. Making use of the surrounding => The fact that there are competing hotels can too, be used to the GM’s advantage. His position enables special ‘connections’ with other executives, thus when the GM’s own managers are not following orders, the GM can make certain that he would not be able to gain a similar job at a different hotel. Only the GM’s hotel is willing to accept this particular individual. Though these ‘Eight Villainies’ may too, be used against the ruler -Han Fei Tzu wrote it as a warning to rulers- GM should also consider these tactics to employ them himself. A final warning Han Fei Tzu suggests is the trade of authority and power. In this case, Han Fei Tzu warns, â€Å"no ministers should be allowed to borrow the power and authority of the ruler. † (P89) The GM is indeed the most powerful man in the hotel. If he was to lend his authority to managers, this power may be exploited in terms of corruption. Money might be drained, employees might be lost, and worse, the GM himself may be used as a scapegoat. Overall, the vital mentality that should be considered is not only the GM’s. The hotel functions as a whole, thus each and every member work together to benefit the hotel. In hotel management, the ways of the GM stands not alone, but with the support of his managers and employees. Thus, the mentality of these managers and employees should also be considered. Han Fei Tzu summarizes the essence of this whole construct. â€Å"The interests of the state and the individual are,† Han Fei Tzu analyzes, â€Å"mutually at odds, and both cannot prevail at the same time. Managers and employees must not act selfishly to gain their own benefits, but rather, everyone must work with good ethics to strengthen the hotel as a whole. The question, â€Å"what would Han Fei Tzu say about hotel management,† is asked. In response, Han Fei Tzu would comment, â€Å"Hence it is said that the art of hotel management affiliates itself to the rules of a king, they work in the same mechanism. Han Fei Tzu would promote a copy of his philosophies to the GM of the hotel. The ways of the ancient government and modern hotel construct are identical. The only difference lies in the lack of military. Yet, without military and arms, the essence of Han Fei Tzu’s philosophies remains. Without the conduct of arms, persuasion is the new modern weapon. To manipulate the thinking of others is the new rule. Han Fei Tzu’s theories are in reality a cookbook for dealing with people. This works perfectly for hotel management because GMs deal more with socialization than actual hotel functioning. Indeed, there involve skill and talent to administer the hotel, yet in order for jobs to be done, the GM must learn how to control his managers and employees. Han Fei Tzu would have been the perfect GM if he lived. He would not comment on everything, but only minor details, for his theories apply in great affiliation with hotel management. Even on a greater level, Han Fei Tzu’s theories are in bondage to corporate functions. The weapon in the modern days though, is wealth. Han Fei Tzu’s thinking not only applies to hotel management, but it also works for corporate executives. Han Fei Tzu would have said the same things to each officer working in a firm, for his teachings hold true for everyone. Han Fei Tzu’s work is actually a perfect guideline for modern day society, where people work to their own benefits and lack the altruistic characteristic that existed in ancient times. Han Fei Tzu focuses specifically on the level of trust and socialization. This skill is vital in the survival of society, because in the world of infinite talents, it is only luck and connection that surfaces a person’s identity and ability. Han Fei Tzu, though dislike the fact that this is true, admits to the flaw of the system. Human nature is ultimately bad and lazy. Each individual strives for their benefits, discarding benevolent practice. Thus, Han Fei Tzu discredits and criticizes the theories of benevolence, particularly promoted by Confucius and Mencius. In the modern world, everyone tries to survive under the tide of wealth and capitalism. They work in companies and firms to accomplish this goal. Yet, it is the interaction of individuals that make up societies, communities, and corporations. Han Fei Tzu, if living in today’s world, would indeed thrift in his philosophies, and make millions if he wrote the book, Han Fei Tzu and the Art of Humanistic Behavior. His ideas target not only rulers and ministers, they too, function well in today’s world.